Persistent Infection with Chicken Anemia Virus in 3-Week-Old Chickens Induced by Inoculation of the Virus by the Natural Route.

Suttitas Tongkamsai,Ming-Chu Cheng,Yi-Lun Tsai,Meng-Shiou Lee,Yi-Yang Lien,Hso-Chi Chaung

doi:10.3390/pathogens8020048

Abstract

Naturally acquired chicken anemia virus (CAV) infection in chickens frequently occurs from 3 weeks of age onward after maternally derived antibodies have decayed. The oral inoculation of older chickens with CAV was reported to have negative effects on cell-mediated immune function, and pathological changes were identified. To date, there has been no complete illustration of an immunological and persistent infection. To understand the pathogenesis of persistent CAV infection, an immunological study of CAV-infected 3-week-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens was carried out by different routes of inoculation. The weight, packed cell volumes, and organ samples were obtained at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days postinfection (dpi). Here, we compared hematological, immunological, and sequential pathological evaluations and determined the CAV tissue distribution in different organs. Neither a reduction in weight gain nor anemia was detected in either the inoculated or the control group. The immune-pathological changes were investigated by evaluating the body and thymus weight ratio and specific antibody titer. Delayed recovery of the thymus corresponding to a low antibody response was detected in the orally inoculated group. This is different from what was found in chickens intramuscularly infected with the same dose of CAV. The CAV remaining in a wide range of tissues was examined by viral reisolation into cell culture. The absence of the virus in infected tissues was typically found in the intramuscularly inoculated group. These chickens were immediately induced for a protective antibody response. A few viruses replicating in the thymus were found 21 dpi due to the regression in the antibody titer in the orally inoculated group. Our findings support that a natural infection with CAV may lead to the gradual CAV viral replication in the thymus during inadequate antibody production. The results clearly confirmed that virus-specific antibodies were essential for viral clearance. Under CIA-risk circumstances, administration of the CAV vaccine is important for achieving a sufficient protective immune response.

Highlights

Chicken anemia virus (CAV) has recently been classified in the family Anelloviridae, genusGyrovirus [1]
Values were recorded for packed cell volume (PCV), thymus and body weight ratio, antibody titer, and virus tissue distribution
The clinical chicken infectious anemia (CIA) disease is generally observed in young chicks that are infected vertically or during the first two weeks of life

Summary

Introduction

Chicken anemia virus (CAV) has recently been classified in the family Anelloviridae, genusGyrovirus [1]. In Taiwan, most field CAVs were isolated from affected chickens at an older age This may be the result of the horizontal infection after maternal antibodies diminished. Toro et al [4] compared the pathological severity between 1-day-old and 10-week-old chickens with intramuscular CAV inoculation. Van Santen et al [5] compared the clinical parameters between intramuscular and oral inoculation of CAV in 1-day-old chicks. Smyth et al [6] found that CAV antigens were associated with pathological changes in older orally inoculated chickens. This evidence suggested that CAV was capable of infecting certain tissues in older chickens. Values were recorded for packed cell volume (PCV), thymus and body weight ratio, antibody titer, and virus tissue distribution

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