Persistence of Silver Nanoparticles Sorbed on Fresh-Cut Lettuce during Flume Washing and Centrifugal Drying

Abstract

Increased agricultural use of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) may potentially lead to residual levels on fresh produce, raising food safety and public health concerns. However, the ability of typical washing practices to remove Ag NPs from fresh produce is poorly understood. This study investigated the removal of Ag NPs from Ag NP-contaminated lettuce during bench-top and pilot-scale washing and drying. Ag NP removal was first assessed by washing lettuce leaves in a 4-L carboy batch system using water containing chlorine (100 mg/L) or peroxyacetic acid (80 mg/L) with and without a 2.5% organic load and water alone as the control. Overall, these treatments removed only 3–7% of the sorbed Ag from the lettuce. Thereafter, Ag NP-contaminated lettuce leaves were flume-washed for 90 s in a pilot-scale processing line using ∼600 L of recirculating water with or without a chlorine-based sanitizer (100 mg/L) and then centrifugally dried. After processing, only 0.3–3% of the sorbed Ag was removed, probably due to the strong binding of Ag with plant organic materials. Centrifugation only removed a minor amount of Ag as compared to flume washing. However, the Ag concentration in the ∼750 mL of centrifugation water was much higher as compared to the flume water, suggesting that the centrifugation water would be preferred when assessing fresh-cut leafy greens for Ag contamination. These findings indicate that Ag NPs may persist on contaminated leafy greens with commercial flume washing systems unable to substantially reduce Ag NP levels.