Persistence of post-COVID symptoms in the general population two years after SARS-CoV-2 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

This meta-analysis investigated the prevalence of post-COVID symptoms two-years after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Electronic literature searches on PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Web of Science databases, and on medRxiv/bioRxiv preprint servers were conducted up to October 1, 2023. Studies reporting data on post-COVID symptoms at two-years after infection were included. Methodological quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Random-effects models were used for meta-analytical pooled prevalence of each symptom. From 742 studies identified, twelve met inclusion criteria. The sample included 7912 COVID-19 survivors (50.7% female; age:59.5, SD: 16.3). Post-COVID symptoms were assessed at a follow-up of 722.9 (SD:51.5) days after. The overall methodological quality of studies was moderate (mean: 6/10, SD:1.2 points). The most prevalent post-COVID symptoms two-years after SARS-CoV-2 infection were fatigue (28.0%, 95%CI 12.0-47.0), cognitive impairments (27.6%, 95%CI 12.6-45.8), and pain (8.4%, 95%CI 4.9-12.8). Psychological disturbances such as anxiety (13.4%, 95%CI 6.3-22.5) and depressive (18.0%, 95%CI 4.8-36.7) levels as well as sleep problems (20.9%, 95%CI 5.25-43.25) were also prevalent. Pooled data showed high heterogeneity (I2 ≥75%). This meta-analysis shows the presence of post-COVID symptoms in 30% of patients two-years after COVID-19. Fatigue, cognitive disorders, and pain were the most prevalent post-COVID symptoms. Psychological disturbances as well as sleep problems were still present two-years after COVID-19.