Peroxydisulfate activation by positively polarized carbocatalyst for enhanced removal of aqueous organic pollutants

Abstract

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/peroxydisulfate (PDS) is a green oxidative system for abatement of aqueous organic pollutants, while the powder form and poor cycling performance of the catalyst limit its practical application. To solve these problems, fabricating a MWCNT cathode (negative polarization) to coupling carbocatalysis-driven PDS activation with electrosorption of organic pollutant was previously demonstrated to be a possible solution to these problems. To further improve the activation efficiency of PDS, positive polarization of MWCNT electrode (anode) was adapted to activate PDS for removing acyclovir and phenol in this work. Under a working voltage of 1.2 V, the MWCNT anode was more efficient than the MWCNT cathode and the non-polarized MWCNT electrode for PDS activation and removal of organic pollutants, owing to the enhanced attraction between S2O82− anions and anode. Although the positive/negative polarization of MWCNT electrode doesn't alter the nonradical mechanism involved in MWCNTs/PDS system, theoretical calculations suggest that different polarization affect the electron configuration and oxidative capacity of activated S2O82− bounded to MWCNTs differently, and that the adsorbed S2O82− with stretched S–O bond and much higher oxidative capacity than that in the case of non-polarized MWCNT electrode is responsible for the MWCNTs anode, while adsorbed S2O82− with stretched O–O bond and slightly higher oxidative capacity is responsible for the MWCNTs cathode. Finally, implications of operation parameters including electrode potential, energy cost, pH, etc. on the elimination efficiency by MWCNT anode/PDS system were investigated and the results suggest that the MWCNT anode/PDS is an efficient and economical metal-free electrochemical oxidative system for organic contaminants remediation.