Abstract
The ability of piezoelectric devices to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy and vice versa has inspired remarkable growth in research on piezoelectric materials. However, based on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances legislation, it is necessary to eliminate the lead from currently used piezoelectric ceramics. Together with the increasing market share and improved performance of lead-free piezoelectrics, this growing recognition that the use of lead should be limited in piezoelectric materials has promoted the development of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. Some devices with excellent performance based on lead-free piezoelectric ceramics have been reported, and their applications are expected to increase in the near future. This perspective provides an overview of key advances related to the structures and properties of lead-free piezoelectrics, including (K,Na)NbO3, BaTiO3, Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3, and BiFeO3. Future prospects are also discussed based on the performances of lead-free piezoelectric materials investigated to date.
Highlights
Since the discovery of quartz crystal in 1880, piezoelectric materials have attracted considerable attention
Some devices with excellent performance based on lead-free piezoelectric ceramics have been reported, and their applications are expected to increase in the near future
The dominant piezoelectric ceramic in commercial applications has been lead– zirconate–titanate [Pb(Zr,Ti)O3, PZT], which was discovered by Jaffe et al in 1954.3 Based on substantial development efforts, PZT-based ceramics have become common due to their excellent electrical properties and good stability resulting from the formation of a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB).[4]
Summary
Since the discovery of quartz crystal in 1880, piezoelectric materials have attracted considerable attention. The European Union implemented the Restriction of Hazardous Substances legislation, which set a mandatory standard that prohibits the use of lead-based piezoelectric materials in future electronic devices. Such stricter environmental, health, and safety regulations contributed to the expansion of the market for lead-free piezoceramics and promoted their development. Some lead-free piezoelectric ceramics are currently applied in electronic devices; the global market value for these ceramics reached ∼$172 million in 2019 and is expected to increase to ∼$443 million by 2024 with an annual growth rate of ∼20.8%.5 This perspective discusses the current development efforts and potentially promising topics related to lead-free piezoelectric ceramics, thereby providing useful references and insight for the future development of these materials Some lead-free piezoelectric ceramics are currently applied in electronic devices; the global market value for these ceramics reached ∼$172 million in 2019 and is expected to increase to ∼$443 million by 2024 with an annual growth rate of ∼20.8%.5 This perspective discusses the current development efforts and potentially promising topics related to lead-free piezoelectric ceramics, thereby providing useful references and insight for the future development of these materials
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