Permanent secretarles, managing directors and microelectronics

Abstract

Summary Microelectronic equipment has profound effects throughout any organization, large or small, in any sector. Good and bad effects can occur at the same time. Benefits may include direct improvements to the organization's results, secondary benefits to the workforce, and external benefits, e.g. to customers or the general public. Negative effects may include non‐use or under‐use of the equipment, deterioration of the organization's output, disruption in other departments, disruption in outside organizations such as suppliers, a series of staff difficulties; leading to possible disaster for small commercial organizations and to loss of profit and/or reputation for large ones. In this respect the whole world is ‘developing’. Some ‘developing’ countries in Southeast Asia may be further forward than ‘industrialized’ countries. Only the executive heads of organizations have the breadth of view and responsibility to take into account all kinds of difficulty and their causes, as well as all kinds of benefit...