Permanent Loss of Preoperative Independence in Elderly Patients Undergoing Hepatectomy: Key Factor in the Informed Consent Process

Abstract

PurposeMajor (>3 segments of the liver) or minor hepatectomy has been demonstrated to provide the most definitive chance for long-term remission and disease-free survival in hepatic malignancies. However, concerns remain in regards to the ability of the elderly (>70 years old) and older (>80 years old) patients to “tolerate” this type of resection. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the short- and long-term effects of hepatectomies in the elderly patient population. MethodsAn Institutional Review Board approved a prospectively maintained, single-institution HPB database with 663 consecutive hepatectomies from 2003 to 2013 was reviewed. Patients were separated into elderly (>70 years old) and older. Short-term effects were defined as a 30-day morbidity/mortality, and long-term effects were defined as a 90-day morbidity/mortality and the ability to regain preoperative functional independence. Comorbidities were compared using the Charleston Comorbidity Index (CCI). The log-rank and Wilcoxon tests were used to evaluate postoperative outcomes. ResultsA total of 663 patients were reviewed, 480 < 70y/o, 183 were 70 or older, 104 were 75 or older, and 41 were 80 or older. Patients over 70, 75, and 80 years of age showed a higher incidence of preoperative comorbidities than younger patients when compared using CCI (P < 0.05). Non-elderly patients had more liver lesions than elderly patients (median numbers only 3 vs. 1, P = 0.005). Patients over 70, 75, and 80 years old showed a higher 90-day mortality rate patients (11, 13, 17 %, respectively) to patients less than 70, 75 and 80 (3, 5, 5 %, respectively, P < 0.05) (Table). Patients over 70, 75, and 80 years old showed increased morbidity (53, 57, 66 %, respectively) than patients less than 70, 75, and 80 (39, 34, 41 %, respectively, P < 0.05). The severity of complication in elderly patients was similar to younger patients. Patients older than 70, 75, and 80 years showed an increased incidence of discharge to rehabilitation facilities (13, 15, 17 %, respectively) than patients less than 70, 75, and 80 (2, 3, 5 %, respectively, P = <0.001). Logistic regression demonstrated a significant risk of morbidity with an inability to return to preoperative function with a CCI > 5, major hepatectomy, and >75 years of age (HR 3.8, CI 2.1–5.6) ConclusionsThis study demonstrates an increased rate of a 30- and 90-day postoperative mortality in >75-year old patients. Permanent loss of preoperative function (i.e., ability to live independently or alone) remains a significant risk and a subset of older patients. Communicating this loss of function as well as morbidity/mortality is key to the informed consent process for older patients as well as their families.