Peripheral Blood Flow Changes to Cutaneous and Muscular Beds in Response to Acute Hookah Smoking

Abstract

Hookah (waterpipe) smoking is a growing tobacco epidemic. Though perceived as a safer tobacco alternative, hookah smoke contains, in addition to tobacco combustion products, large amounts of charcoal combustion products-implicated in cardiovascular disease-from the burning charcoal used to heat the flavored tobacco. To date, little is known on the vascular effects of hookah smoking. The aim of this study was to characterize the peripheral circulatory response to acute hookah smoking in cutaneous and muscular beds. In 21 healthy young adult habitual hookah smokers who did not smoke cigarettes (age 24 ± 1 years, mean ± SE), we measured plasma nicotine, exhaled carbon monoxide, skin blood flow (laser Doppler velocimetry) and calf muscle blood flow (strain-gauge plethysmography) before and for up to 60 minutes after ad lib hookah smoking. In nine subjects, nonsmoking time-control studies were performed. Hookah smoking, which increased plasma nicotine by 5.8 ng/ml (from 0.6 ± 0.1 to 6.4 ± 1.3, p <0.001) and exhaled carbon monoxide by 27 ppm (from 2.7 ± 0.2 to 29.5 ± 2.2, p <0.001), decreased skin blood flow by 23% (20.1 ± 2.8 to 14.8 ± 1.9 units, p <0.001) and increased skeletal muscle blood flow by 34% (2.3 ± 0.1 to 2.9 ± 0.2 units, p = 0.010). These responses required more than one hour to recover after smoking cessation. All cardiovascular parameters were unchanged in the nonsmoking time-control studies. Although perceived to be innocuous, hookah smoking produces acute cutaneous vasoconstriction with skeletal muscle vasodilation, a dissociated pattern of peripheral blood flow responses that is characteristic of nicotine and carbon monoxide. In conclusion, these findings provide objective evidence to challenge the perception that hookah smoking is a safer tobacco alternative.