Peripheral and Central Sensitization: Expert Commentary on Selected Abstracts

Abstract

Central Trigeminal Sensitization May be Mediated by Nonmeningeal Nociceptive Trigeminal Afferents and Influenced by Sex HormonesWe have previously shown that injection of the inflammatory irritant and small‐fiber excitant mustard oil (MO) into the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) region can reflexively induce a prolonged increase in the activity of both digastric and masseter muscles in rats. It is possible that peripheral excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors play a role in this effect, because MO‐evoked increases in jaw muscle activity are attenuated by preapplication of the noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK‐801 into the TMJ region. In the present study, the EAA receptor agonists glutamate, NMDA, kainate, and AMPA were applied locally to the TMJ region. Jaw muscle responses similar to those evoked by MO application to the TMJ region were achieved with glutamate, NMDA, AMPA, and kainate. Repeated application of glutamate, NMDA, or AMPA at intervals of 30 min evoked responses in the ipsilateral jaw muscles that were of comparable magnitude. Co‐application of the NMDA receptor antagonist DL‐2‐amino‐5‐phosphonovalerate (0.5 μmol) significantly reduced the magnitude of the glutamate‐ and NMDA‐evoked ipsilateral jaw muscle responses without affecting responses evoked by AMPA. In contrast, co‐application of the non‐NMDA receptor antagonist 6‐cyano‐7‐nitroquinoxaline‐2,3‐dione (1 nmol) significantly reduced the magnitude of the glutamate‐ and AMPA‐evoked ipsilateral jaw muscle responses without affecting responses evoked by NMDA. This evidence suggests that both NMDA and non‐NMDA EAA receptor types are located within the TMJ region and may contribute to jaw muscle activity that can be reflexively evoked from the TMJ region.