Abstract
BackgroundThe association between periodontal conditions, oral yeast colonisation and salivary proteins in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is not yet documented. The present study aimed to assess the relationship between these variables in type 2 diabetic subjects with reference to gender.MethodsFifty-eight type 2 diabetic subjects (23 males and 35 females) with random blood glucose level ≥ 11.1 mmol/L were investigated. Periodontal conditions (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP], probing pocket depth [PD] (4 to 6 mm and ≥ 6 mm), oral yeasts, salivary immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgG and total protein concentrations, and number of present teeth were determined.ResultsPeriodontal conditions (PI [p < 0.00001], BOP [p < 0.01] and PD of 4 to 6 mm [p < 0.001], salivary IgG (μg)/mg protein (p < 0.001) and salivary total protein concentrations (p < 0.05) were higher in type 2 diabetic females with Candida albicans (C. albicans) colonisation compared to males in the same group. Type 2 diabetic females with C. albicans colonisation had more teeth compared to males in the same group (p < 0.0001).ConclusionClinical and salivary parameters of periodontal inflammation (BOP and IgG (μg)/mg protein) were higher in type 2 diabetic females with oral C. albicans colonisation compared to males in the same group. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the association of gender with these variables in subjects with T2D.
Highlights
The association between periodontal conditions, oral yeast colonisation and salivary proteins in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is not yet documented
Periodontal inflammation has been shown to be higher in diabetic individuals with random blood glucose level (RBGL) ≥ 11.1 mmol/L compared to individuals with RBGL < 11.1 mmol/L [1]
Since there is an unclear association between periodontal inflammation, oral yeast colonisation, T2D and gender, the present study aimed to investigate the periodontal conditions, oral yeasts colonization and salivary protein profile in subjects with T2D with emphasis on gender
Summary
The association between periodontal conditions, oral yeast colonisation and salivary proteins in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is not yet documented. Periodontal inflammation has been shown to be higher in diabetic individuals with random blood glucose level (RBGL) ≥ 11.1 mmol/L compared to individuals with RBGL < 11.1 mmol/L [1]. Oral Candida albicans (C. albicans) colonisation is markedly increased in diabetic compared with non-diabetic individuals and hyperglycemia seems to play a significant role in this regard [2,3]. It has been reported that oral Candida colonisation is significantly higher in females compared to males; this relationship remains debatable [5,6]. Recent studies have shown that C. albicans can colonize the periodontal pockets and is significantly associated with oral mucosal inflammation in females [4,7]
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