Abstract
Living systems can experience time‐dependent dynamic self‐assembly for periodic, adaptive behavior via energy dissipation pathway. Creating in vitro mimics is a daunting mission. Here a “living” giant vesicle system that can perform a periodic pulsating motion using adenosine‐5'‐triphosphate (ATP)‐fuelled dissipative self‐assembly is described. This dynamic system is built on transient supramolecular interactions between the polymer and cellular energy currency ATP. The vesicles capturing ATPs will deviate away from equilibrium, leading to an energy ascent that drives a continuous vesicular expansion, until a competitive ATP hydrolysis predominates to break the ATP–polymer interactions and deplete the energy stored in the vesicles, leading to an opposing vesicular contraction. The input of ATP energy can sustain that these vesicles run periodically along this reciprocating expansile–contractile process, resembling a “pulsating” behavior. ATP level can orchestrate the rhythm, amplitude, and lifetime of this biomimetic pulsation. By pre‐programming the ATP stimulation protocol, this kind of adaptive microcapsules can function as high‐performance microseparators to perform size‐selective sieving of different nanoparticles through ATP‐mediated transmembrane traffic. This man‐made system offers a primitive model of time‐dependent dynamic self‐assembly and may offer new ways to build life‐like materials with biomimetic functions.
Highlights
Implanting this energy-driven assembly in man-made assemblies may create life-like systems, possessing structuralEnergy dissipation, as one of the most inherent attribute of adaption and behavioral evolution over time and space
According to the above results, we proposed a possible energy dissipation mechanism to explain this vesicle pulsation, as depicted by Figure 1a: (i) without ATP, the whole system is in equilibrium and there are many positively charged receptors distributed on the vesicle membrane. (ii) Upon addition of negatively charged ATP, they can bind with the membrane receptors
The transient supramolecular cycle established between brane pulsation featuring ATP-dependent size jump scope ATP and the polymer membrane becomes a driving force to (Figure 6b)
Summary
Implanting this energy-driven assembly in man-made assemblies may create life-like systems, possessing structural. Underpins biologically dynamic and periodic ever, such artificial systems formed by dissipative pathway are behaviors.[1] For example, biological cells use the chemical fuel, quite limited far. An insuperable obstacle is how to harsine triphosphate.[3,4] These naturally occurring dissipative monize sophisticated self-assembly process with continuous energy influx in a time-ordered manner. Far from equilibrium, activating a forward vesicular expansion; (iii) a competing effect for breaking these complexes can dissipate the energy stored in the system, leading to a backward vesicular contraction to initial state; (iv) two different pathways of activating and deactivating the noncovalent interactions can constitute a feedback close-loop for lasting the action of sacs. As long as supplying continuous ATP energy, this reversible expansion–contraction process of the vesicles, like cellular pulsation, will periodically and autonomously proceed over time
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