Abstract
Summary Mother-to-infant transmission is the primary route of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Whereas the rate of perinatal transmission in the U.S. has dramatically decreased from 25% to 5–10% since 1994, due to widespread maternal and infant zidovudine (ZDV) use during pregnancy and post-delivery, such treatment is not feasible for most developing countries, where the large majority of HIV infected individuals reside. In developing countries, 20–40% of infected pregnant mothers continue to transmit to their babies, and 5–7 million children will have been infected worldwide by the year 2000. Epidemiologic studies have identified multiple potential risk factors for transmission, including low maternal CD4+ count, high viral load, STDs, low vitamin A levels, prolonged duration of rupture of membranes, chorioamnionitis, vaginal and preterm ( in utero transmission, also need further evaluation.
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