Abstract
ObjectiveTo observe the relationship between the perihematomal glutamate levels and the blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability in a rabbit model of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).MethodsSeventy-two rabbits were randomly divided into an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) model group and a normal control (NC) group, and each group of 36 rabbits was subsequently divided into 6, 12, 18, 24, 48 and 72 h groups (n = 6 each). An ICH model was induced by stereotactic injection of autologous, arterial, non-anticoagulated blood into rabbit basal ganglia. The same procedures were performed in the NC group, but blood was not injected. The rabbits were sacrificed at specific time points after the experiment began depending on their group. Perihematomal brain tissues were collected to determine glutamate levels, BBB permeability and brain water content (BWC).ResultsAll of the assessed parameters were increased 6 hour after blood infusion and continued to gradually increase, peaking at 48 hours. Differences were observed when ICH values were compared with those of the NC group (p < 0.05).ConclusionsPerihematomal glutamate increased significantly after ICH. High levels of glutamate are closely associated with BBB disruption and the brain edema. Therefore, glutamate may play an important role in the pathogenesis of secondary brain injury after (ICH).
Highlights
Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating neurological disorder with considerable mortality and morbidity that accounts for 20%-30% of acute cerebral vascular disease
In cases of ICH, increased levels of glutamate and aspartate that correlate with neurological status have been detected after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) (Germano et al 2007), and glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity is a major consequence of stroke (Hazell 2007)
A total of 33 rabbits in the ICH group (5 in the 6 h group, 6 in the 12 h group, 6 in the 18 h group, 5 in the 24 h group, 5 in the 48 h group and 6 in 72 h group) and 36 rabbits in the normal control (NC) group were included in the present study
Summary
Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating neurological disorder with considerable mortality and morbidity that accounts for 20%-30% of acute cerebral vascular disease. Some studies have observed a relationship between the perihematomal glutamate levels and the secondary brain injury in ICH models, and the impact of glutamate on ICH patient outcome (Miller et al 2007; Chiang et al 2006; Hartings et al 2008; Qureshi et al 2003; Wang et al 2008a). Reducing perihematomal glutamate level by minimally invasive procedures for intracerebral hematoma decreases BBB permeability and BWC (Wu et al 2011). These results demonstrate that secondary brain damage is associated with glutamate-related excitotoxicity, and glutamate levels are closely associated with ICH patient outcome. The exact relationships among elevated glutamate levels in perihematomal brain tissues, BBB permeability and brain edema have not been thoroughly investigated
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