Performance trade-offs in the world’s largest semelparous mammal, the Australian northern quoll (Dasyurus hallucatus)

Abstract

Male northern quolls (Dasyurus hallucatus) die after a single synchronous breeding season, while females live and breed for 2-3 years. This provides a unique life history strategy in which to explore sex differences in performance trade-offs. Here, we assessed whether sprinting and biting performance trade-off for male or female northern quolls before, during, or after breeding (2012-2014). The activities that define survival and reproductive success for all animals depend on movement. However, movement is a complex trait, affected by multiple underlying factors, and organisms must balance the competing demands of these factors whenever they move. The morphology that increases bite force in northern quolls (i.e., increased head size)—which can improve fighting ability—should constrain sprinting performance by adding mass to the body. Trade-offs between fighting and escape performance might therefore be sex-specific or manifest only during particular times, such as during breeding. We studied northern quolls in the wild, and found that bite force and sprint speed do not trade-off functionally — bigger, heavier quolls with greater bite forces are not slower sprinters. We also found that males sprint slower in the post-breeding season. Because we have high recapture rates, we also assessed the repeatability of performance traits across several temporal scales. Performance was highly repeatable within seasons, but less repeatable across seasons, likely associated with the costs of the species’ extreme breeding. These findings suggest that ecologically relevant tasks important for survival and reproduction—fighting capacity and locomotor performance—may evolve independently in male and female northern quolls.