Abstract
Objective(1) To develop the norm of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), (2) to investigate the pathway of the indices for WCST performances and (3) the association between WCST, intelligence quotient (IQ), and parent-report measures of children’s development in typically developing five-year-olds in the community.MethodFifty-three children were recruited from community health centers. The WCST, Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised (WPPSI-R), and Taiwan Birth Cohort Study- Developmental Instrument (TBCS-DI) was used to measure children's executive function, IQ and parent report of children's development respectively.ResultsMean categories achieved (CA) was 2.02 (standard deviation [SD] = 1.41), and percent conceptual level response (PCLR) was 29.85(SD = 18.36) in five year-olds. The WCST indices showed a pathway relationship of PCLR being negatively associated with perseverative error (PE), and PE and non- perseverative error being negatively associated with CA. Association among the PCLR index of the WCST, cognitive domain of the TBCS-DI, and performance IQ and verbal IQ of the WPPSI-R was found.ConclusionRegular improvement with age was found compared to the norm of six-year-olds in a previous study of children from the same region. The number sorting criteria was more difficult thus they continued to perform persistent errors of color or form when sorting. Association was found among the professional administered IQ, computerized WCST, and a parent report developmental instrument. Showing parent report is an accurate reflection of children's cognitive development at this age.
Highlights
The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) was first introduced as a measure of abstract reasoning and the ability to shift cognitive strategies in response to changing environmental contingencies [1], and has become a well-established measure of executive function [2]
The WCST indices showed a pathway relationship of percent conceptual level response (PCLR) being negatively associated with perseverative error (PE), and PE and non- perseverative error being negatively associated with categories achieved (CA)
Regular improvement with age was found compared to the norm of six-year-olds in a previous study of children from the same region
Summary
The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) was first introduced as a measure of abstract reasoning and the ability to shift cognitive strategies in response to changing environmental contingencies [1], and has become a well-established measure of executive function [2]. Executive function refers to a set of cognitive skills, and influences future academic and behavioral competencies [3]. By trial and error with feedback, participants need to find a relevant sorting rule out of three possible sorting rules (color, shape, or number). The application of the WCST in children have been studied in previous described studies, the number of literature is scarce, the norm and validity of its use in children still need more investigation
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