Performance of Urinary Phenyl-γ-Valerolactones as Biomarkers of Dietary Flavan-3-ol Exposure

Abstract

BackgroundPhenyl-γ-valerolactones (PVLs) have been identified as biomarkers of dietary flavan-3-ol exposure, although their utility requires further characterization. ObjectivesWe investigated the performance of a range of PVLs as biomarkers indicative of flavan-3-ol intake. MethodsWe report the results of 2 companion studies: a 5-way randomized crossover trial (RCT) and an observational cross-sectional study. In the RCT (World Health Organization, Universal Trial Number: U1111-1236-7988), 16 healthy participants consumed flavan-3-ol–rich interventions (of apple, cocoa, black tea, green tea, or water [control]) for 1 d each. First morning void samples and 24-h urine samples were collected with diet standardized throughout. For each participant, 1 intervention period was extended (to 2 d) to monitor PVL kinetics after repeat exposure. In the cross-sectional study, 86 healthy participants collected 24-h urine samples, and concurrent weighed food diaries from which flavan-3-ol consumption was estimated using Phenol-Explorer. A panel of 10 urinary PVLs was quantified using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. ResultsIn both studies, 2 urinary PVLs [5-(3ʹ-hydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone-4ʹ-sulfate and putatively identified 5-(4ʹ-hydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone-3ʹ-glucuronide] were the principal compounds excreted (>75%). In the RCT, the sum of these PVLs was significantly higher than the water (control) after each intervention; individually, there was a shift from sulfation toward glucuronidation as the total excretion of PVLs increased across the different interventions. In the extended RCT intervention period, no accumulation of these PVLs was observed after consecutive days of treatment, and after withdrawal of treatment on the third day, there was a return toward negligible PVL excretion. All results were consistent, whether compounds were measured in 24-h urine or first morning void samples. In the observational study, the sum of the principal PVLs correlated dose dependently (Rs = 0.37; P = 0.0004) with dietary flavan-3-ol intake, with similar associations for each individually. ConclusionsUrinary 5-(3ʹ-hydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone-4ʹ-sulfate and putatively identified 5-(4ʹ-hydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone-3ʹ-glucuronide are recommended biomarkers for dietary flavan-3-ol exposure.