Abstract
Plant extracts (PEs) are frequently used as ingredients in skin and hair care products to improve protection against the excess of sun exposure. PEs are usually selected based on their antioxidant capacity for reducing the damage in lipids and proteins, which are key molecules in the maintenance of skin homeostasis and hair integrity. Interestingly, biomolecules that do not have any antioxidant capacity can have a protective effect by physically adsorbing and inhibiting leakage of membranes. Our aims are: 1) to develop an experimental protocol that quantifies the level of membrane damage/protection; 2) to recommend an approach to compare the membrane protection efficiency of different PEs; 3) to briefly describe the mechanisms of membrane protection. Evaluation of membrane damage/protection is based on a phospholipid liposome system that signals the membrane rupture caused by photo-induced lipid oxidation. Carboxyfluorescein (CF) emission is monitored as a function of time (120 min) in a controlled experimental setup, in which a certain level of membrane damage is induced by Dimethyl-Methylene Blue (DMMB) photosensitized oxidation during red-light irradiation. Percentage levels of membrane damage/protection are calculated by comparing the CF fluorescence level of DMMB-liposomes in the presence of varying concentrations of membrane-protective ingredients with that of surfactant-dissolved DMMB-liposomes. Membrane protectants reduce the level of CF fluorescence during irradiation of DMMB-liposomes. Gallic acid (GA) and trehalose (Tre) were used as standard compounds to compute the levels of protection by the antioxidant and physical adsorption mechanisms, respectively. The percentage of membrane protection was shown to be linearly proportional to the concentration of the standard protectants. The performance of PEs was measured and compared in terms of GA or Tre membrane protection equivalents. All extracted also had their antioxidant capacities evaluate by the anti-radical DPPH assay. The membrane protection efficiency parallels the anti-radical efficiency for extracts that have antioxidant activity. However, even extracts that are mainly enriched in polysaccharides and that do not have any measurable anti-radical capacity were able to protect membranes. We propose that these extracts protect membranes by the physical adsorption mechanism, in comparison with the protection observed by Tre and also based on the known effect of carbohydrates that can protect against membrane micro-fissures. The membrane damage assay described here can be used to evaluate and compare the performance of cosmetic ingredients with claims of maintaining lipid membrane integrity of skin and hair products.
Highlights
The interaction of photons with absorbing molecules naturally present in human skin, here called photosensitizers (PS), can trigger a variety of photophysical and photochemical events [1]
Even extracts that are mainly enriched in polysaccharides and that do not have any measurable anti-radical capacity were able to protect membranes. We propose that these extracts protect membranes by the physical adsorption mechanism, in comparison with the protection observed by Tre and based on the known effect of carbohydrates that can protect against membrane micro-fissures
In order to mimic the photosensitized oxidations occurring in lipid bilayers, we developed a liposome system carrying internalized self-quenched Carboxyfluorescein (CF) and a red-light photosensitizer Dimethyl-methylene blue (DMMB), which can engage in both type I and type II photosensitized oxidation mechanisms [47] and, cause membrane damage by the formation of both lipid hydroperoxides and chain-truncated lipids [26] [27]
Summary
The interaction of photons with absorbing molecules naturally present in human skin, here called photosensitizers (PS), can trigger a variety of photophysical and photochemical events [1]. DNA itself absorbs Ultra-violet B radiation (UVB, 280 - 320 nm), triggering the formation of mutagenic photoadducts [2] Among these processes, the formation of long-lifetime excited states (triplet excited states) facilitates several photosensitized oxidation reactions that can cause photoaging and other skin diseases [2] [3]. The skin and the structure and function of hair depend on the composition and packing of lipids, which are made mainly of 18-methyleicosanoic acid (18-MEA) and free fatty acids, cholesterol, ceramides. Lipids exert a structural role in hair by self-organizing in phases called a cell membrane complex (CMC), which are present in both cuticle and cortical cells. Accumulation of lipid peroxides correlates with the loss of hair properties such as strength and shine [24]
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