Abstract
In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), mobile devices connect with other devices wirelessly, where there is no central administration. They are prone to different types of attacks such as the black hole, insider, gray hole, wormhole, faulty node, and packet drop, which considerably interrupt to perform secure communication. This paper has implemented the denial-of-service attacks like black hole attacks on general-purpose ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) protocol. It uses three approaches: normal AODV, black hole AODV (BH_AODV), and detected black hole AODV (D_BH_AODV), wherein we observe that black holes acutely degrade the performance of networks. We have detected the black hole attacks within the networks using two techniques: (1) intrusion detection system (IDS) and (2) encryption technique (digital signature) with the concept of prevention. Moreover, normal AODV, BH_AODV, and D_BH_AODV protocols are investigated for various quality of service (QoS) parameters, i.e., packet delivery ratio (PDR), delay, and overhead with varying the number of nodes, packet sizes, and simulation times. The NS2 software has been used as a simulation tool to simulate existing network topologies, but it does not contain any mechanism to simulate malicious protocols by itself; therefore, we have developed and implemented a D_BH_AODV routing protocol. The outcomes show that the proposed D_BH_AODV approach for the PDR value delivers around 40 to 50% for varying nodes and packets. In contrast, the delay decreases from 300 to 100 ms and 150 to 50 ms with an increase in the number of nodes and packets, respectively. Furthermore, the overhead changes from 1 to 3 for various nodes and packet values. The outcome of this research proves that the black hole attack degrades the overall performance of the network, while the D_BH_AODV enhances the QoS performance since it detects the black hole nodes and avoids them to establish the communication between nodes.
Highlights
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is an interesting research nowadays in the field of communication
Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a dynamic network without fixed infrastructure due to its wireless nature that can be deployed as multihop
The ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) protocol used in MANET suffers from a black hole attack wherein an attacker consumes the network traffic and fells all data packets [43, 44]
Summary
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is an interesting research nowadays in the field of communication. The general-purpose AODV is chosen for black hole simulation because it outperforms other reactive routing protocols under important QoS parameters [11, 12]. An approach in [19] was focusing on designing an energy-efficient cluster-based on queen-bee (QB) algorithm for wireless sensor networks. This algorithm’s high rate results in premature convergence that improves the capability of finding the optimum value of the local minimum. Whereas in AODV, malicious nodes instantly respond to the source with a false route reply as if it has a correct route to the destination instead of forwarding discovery packets to neighboring nodes [22].
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