Performance Factors Related to Throwing Distance in Collegiate Track Athletes

Abstract

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify potential correlations between upper and lower body power, balance, flexibility, and body composition in relation to actual throwing performance in collegiate throwers. METHODS: 12 collegiate throwers (8 male, 4 female; minimum of 4 years of experience) performed a series of functional tests and a competition level throw. Participants performed a brief warm up prior to each test. Upper body power was determined using a seated medicine ball throw (9kg male, 6kg female) performed laying on a bench at a 45° incline. Lower body power and reaction time were measured using a vertical jump mat (Probotics Inc, Hunstville, AL) which provided jump height, ground reaction time, and an overall power factor (OPF). Balance was assessed during single leg trials for each leg on a Biodex balance system (Biodex Medical Systems Inc., Shirley, NY). Flexibility was assessed by sit and reach. Body composition was measured by means of air displacement plethysmography (Bod Pod; Cosmed USA Inc. Concord, CA). Functional testing results were compared to actual competition throws, which took place at a sanctioned meet within 3 days of testing. Comparisons between functional tests and competition throws were made using Pearson’s R (linear) and Spearman’s Rho (nonlinear) tests to identify correlations. RESULTS: Nonlinear correlations were found between throwing distance and body fat percentage (rho=-0.699; p=0.011), and OPF (rho=0.609; p=0.047). Linear correlations were found between throwing distance and overall lead leg stability (r=0.701; p=0.011), and lead leg medial/lateral stability (r=0.688; p=0.013). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that body fat percentage, lower body power, and lead leg stability are each correlated with throwing distance. Improvements in these areas could lead to improvements in overall throwing distances in collegiate throwers.