Abstract
An examination of existing studies in the area of Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) implementation in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) reveals a consistent approach taken of optimal node distribution. This in order to best evaluate networking metrics such as Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), latency and energy consumption. The tests detailed in this paper differ from previous work, in that there is no concerted effort to ensure the appropriate density of the network topologies. The intention being to ‘strain’ the limits of the transmission ranges. Using the Cooja simulator, we take the approach of utilising nodes in less-than perfect, real-world scenarios. In this way the main factor at play is the ability to retain nodes as part of the Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph (DODAG) build in environments with ‘strained’ transmission ranges. In this regard we compare Objective Function Zero (OF0) Hop-count with The Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF) Energy and expected transmission count (ETX) metrics. In utilising the energy metric, a novel approach, we prove that it is ineffective in this scenario. Resultantly, the ETX metric outperforms Hop-count, producing results that improve over time, adjusting to ‘strained’ environments to include more motes in the DODAG build as time passes. In conclusion, we propose future work to develop an extension to Cooja to utilise the ETX metric with an Energy constraint. This in order to better evaluate the use of node energy levels as part of a DODAG build in ‘strained’ WSN implementations in the future.
Highlights
There can be little doubt that the world has moved into a new phase of internet technology
Therein, we evaluate the performance of the use of Energy as a metric as part of Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF), in comparison to the use of the more commonly used ETX within MRHOF and Hop-count as part of OF0
There is no concerted effort to ensure the appropriate density of the network topologies, with the intention of straining the limits of the transmission ranges
Summary
There can be little doubt that the world has moved into a new phase of internet technology. While an OF can be sole driver in DODAG construction, such as in “RFC6552: Objective Function Zero” for RPL [9], generally the OF uses metrics and constraints to build the DODAG and the routes within This is the case with MRHOF [10], with RPL utilising constraint-based routing, such as energy and CPU levels or remaining memory capacity [8]. For example the routing object could specify a constraint such that the OF should prune any paths with nodes below a certain memory capacity or could specify a metric such as hop-count Within this study, both OFs currently standardised for use with RPL shall be utilised.
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