Abstract
High-performance electron transport layer (ETL) anode generally needs to form a uniform dense layer with suitable conduction band position and good electron transport properties. The TiO2 photoanode is primarily applied as the ETL because it is low-cost, has diverse thin-film preparation methods and has good chemical stability. However, pure TiO2 is not an ideal ETL because it lacks several important criteria, such as low conductivity and conduction band mismatch with compositional-tailored perovskite. Thus, TiO2 is an inefficient photo-anode or ETL for high-performance perovskite devices. In this study, sulfur as dopant in the TiO2 photo-anode thin film is used to fabricate solid-state planar perovskite solar cells in relatively high humidity (40–50%). The deposited S-doped thin film improves the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the device to 6.0%, with the un-doped TiO2 producing a PCE of 5.1% in the best device. Improvement in PCE is due to lower recombination and higher photocurrent density, resulting in 18% increase in PCE (5.1–6.0%).
Highlights
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been attracting great attention in the past decade due to their rise in power conversion efficiencies (PCE), with certified efficiencies greater that 25% [1,2,3,4,5]
A typical PSC consists of multiple layers of solid thin films, which include an electron transport layer (ETL), perovskite absorber layer and hole transport layer (HTL)
When the sintering temperature was increased to 500 ◦C, the absorption spectrum of the S-doped TiO2 photoanode was reduced
Summary
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been attracting great attention in the past decade due to their rise in power conversion efficiencies (PCE), with certified efficiencies greater that 25% [1,2,3,4,5]. A typical PSC consists of multiple layers of solid thin films, which include an electron transport layer (ETL), perovskite absorber layer and hole transport layer (HTL). These layers are aligned in the heterojunction according to its distinct device configurations. Good indications of a highperformance ETL or photo-anode include a thin, dense and suitable conduction band and good electron transfer. These characteristics aim to minimise the interfacial recombination, facilitate electron movement and manage charge accumulation. There is room for improvement in the performance of TiO2 as the ETL [1]
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