Performance and characterization of lithium–manganese-oxide cathode material with large tunnel structure for lithium batteries

Abstract

Abstract The synthesis, structure characterization and electrochemical performance of novel todorokite electrode materials (tunnel size: 3×3) for lithium batteries have been studied in this paper. It is shown by means of XRD that synthesized materials (e.g., Mg 2+ -containing sample) have todorokite structure. It is also found that the reversibility of the Li + insertion process into the todorokite materials decreased after acid treatment due to removal of Mg 2+ from the tunnel and the breakdown of the tunnel structure during the following intercalation/deintercalation cycles. The electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) for todorokite electrode materials are measured and simulated. It was measured that the apparent diffusion coefficient ( D Li+ ) of todorokite material is at a level between 10 −7 and 10 −10 cm 2 /s by use of potential-step electrochemical spectroscopy.