Performance Analysis of Uplink NOMA With Constellation–Rotated STLC for IoT Networks

Abstract

We investigate the uplink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA)-based Internet-of-Things (IoT) networks, where each IoT device (station: STA) equipped with a single antenna exploits the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">constellation-rotated</i> space-time line code (CR-STLC) to send signals to an access point (AP) equipped with two receive antennas. The AP decodes the signals transmitted from the STAs with the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">optimal</i> joint maximum-likelihood (JML) detector. As a main result, we mathematically analyze both the bit-error-rate (BER) performance and the spatial diversity order of each STA in the two-user uplink CR-STLC NOMA system. In particular, it is shown that the two-user uplink CR-STLC NOMA system achieves the optimal diversity order regardless of the constellation rotation angle in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime. We also consider two different rotation angle optimization techniques (dynamic rotation & fixed rotation) to improve the BER performance in the practical SNR regime, and found that the fixed rotation approach is simple but yields almost the same performance as the dynamic approach. Finally, we show that the uplink CR-STLC NOMA system achieves the spatial diversity order of 1 even when more than two STAs send packets simultaneously. It is worth noting that all STAs obtain an improved spatial diversity gain compared to that without constellation rotation.