Abstract
Cervical cancer is second most prevailing cancer in women all over the world and the Pap smear is one of the most popular techniques used to diagnosis cervical cancer at an early stage. Developing countries like India has to face the challenges in order to handle more cases day by day. In this article, various online and offline machine learning algorithms has been applied on benchmarked data sets to detect cervical cancer. This article also addresses the problem of segmentation with hybrid techniques and optimizes the number of features using extra tree classifiers. Accuracy, precision score, recall score, and F1 score are increasing in the proportion of data for training and attained up to 100% by some algorithms. Algorithm like logistic regression with L1 regularization has an accuracy of 100%, but it is too much costly in terms of CPU time in comparison to some of the algorithms which obtain 99% accuracy with less CPU time. The key finding in this article is the selection of the best machine learning algorithm with the highest accuracy. Cost effectiveness in terms of CPU time is also analysed.
Highlights
Cervical cancer is the one of most common cancer found in women for the last 30 years or more, and almost every woman is at risk (Office on women’s health, U.S Department of Health and Human Services, 2018)
Algorithm like logistic regression with L1 regularization has achieved accuracy up to 100% but it is more expensive in term of CPU time in comparison to some of the algorithms having accuracy near about 99% with less CPU time;
Precision score of almost all algorithms except gaussian naïve Bayes and gradient boosting classifier is up to 100% that means false positive (FP) rate equals to zero which indicates these algorithms are suitable for cervical cancer detection;
Summary
Cervical cancer is the one of most common cancer found in women for the last 30 years or more, and almost every woman is at risk (Office on women’s health, U.S Department of Health and Human Services, 2018). The best way to prevent cervical cancer is to get an HPV vaccine, get regular pap tests, and be monogamous. Malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the cervix and Human papillomavirus (HPV) contamination is the real hazard factor for cervical disease. Pap test is one of the methods used to detect and diagnose cervical cancer. In this test, piece of cotton and a brush is used to collect cells from the surface of cervix and vagina. A well-demonstrated approach to prevent cervical cancer is to have screening to discover pre-tumours before they can transform into obtrusive growth
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