Abstract
Channel reciprocity is one of the primary superiorities of time-division duplexing-based massive multiple-input multiple-output systems. However, the reciprocity of uplink and downlink cannot be realized due to inevitable radio-frequency (RF) impairments in practice. In this paper, in the presence of carrier frequency offset (CFO), quasi-static RF mismatch and channel estimation error, we derive the closed-form expressions of achievable rate for matched filter (MF) and zero-forcing (ZF) precoders. Herein, we concentrate on two oscillator setups, where all base station antennas share the same oscillator, namely, the common oscillator setup, or employ independent oscillator, namely, the distributed oscillator (DO) setup. Performance comparisons between two precoders and two setups are studied, respectively, and the asymptotic behaviors are further investigated both with and without CFO compensation. It is indicated that, the DO setup is preferable in the cases without CFO compensation, and vice versa. As for the precoding schemes, we show that with high SNR and low level of reciprocity errors, ZF precoder is asymptotically more desirable in the cases of DO setup without CFO compensation, or of both setups with CFO compensation, whereas MF precoder is competitive in the opposite cases with slightly worse performance. Numerical results demonstrate the correctness of our analytical expressions.
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