Abstract
In evaluating agricultural products, knowing the specific product varieties is important for the producer, the industrialist, and the consumer. Human labor is widely used in the classification of varieties. It is generally performed by visual examination of each sample by experts, which is very laborious and time-consuming with poor sensitivity. There is a need in commercial hazelnut production for a rapid, non-destructive and reliable variety classification in order to obtain quality nuts from the orchard to the consumer. In this study, a convolutional neural network, which is one of the deep learning methods, was preferred due to its success in computer vision. A total of 17 widely grown hazelnut varieties were classified. The proposed model was evaluated by comparing with pre-trained models. Accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-Score evaluation metrics were used to determine the performance of classifiers. It was found that the proposed model showed a better performance than pre-trained models in terms of performance evaluation criteria. The proposed model was found to produce 98.63% accuracy in the test set, including 510 images. This result has shown that the proposed model can be used practically in the classification of hazelnut varieties.
Highlights
The world’s most important hazelnut producer, Turkey, has 73% of the world’s hazelnut production areas with approximately 734.409 ha of hazelnut planting area
convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures was evaluated for the classification of hazelnut varieties, the classification accuracy of the proposed CNN model (Lprttnr1) pre-trained models (VGG16, VGG19, ResNet50, and InceptionV3) was compared
While the proposed model was trained from scratch, pre-trained models were previously trained, and they were used as feature extractors
Summary
The world’s most important hazelnut producer, Turkey, has 73% of the world’s hazelnut production areas with approximately 734.409 ha of hazelnut planting area. Turkey’s hazelnut production volume constitutes approximately 70% of world production [1]. Turkey exports 75% of the hazelnut produced. Product quality is an important determinant of hazelnut export, and it affects export revenues directly. The commercial importance of hazelnuts has increased the interest in variety standard and their characterization [2]. Characteristic features (Table 1) and a georeferenced map (Figure 1) of some hazelnut varieties grown in Turkey are presented [3]
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