Abstract
Laminated glass is a type of safety glass that is frequently used in blast-resistant windows and bullet-proof glazing. However, few studies concerning the perforation resistance of laminated glass exist in the open literature. In this study, double-laminated glass plates are impacted by 7.62 mm armour piercing (AP) bullets, and their ballistic limit velocity and curve are determined both through experimental tests and numerical simulations. Two different configurations, i.e., a single pane configuration and a configuration of two panes stacked with an airgap in between, are tested at striking velocities between 375 and 700 m/s. The experimental tests showed that the amount of cracking can be divided into three distinct zones and that the extent of these zones is dependent on the striking velocity. In the numerical study, finite element simulations employing higher order elements and 3D node splitting are used to predict the velocity-time history of the bullets during impact. The simulations employ simplified material and fracture models for the glass and PVB. Even so, the numerical predictions are found to be in excellent agreement with the experimental data, and both the residual and ballistic limit velocities are precisely determined.
Highlights
Due to the brittle nature of glass, windows made from annealed float glass provide limited protection against ballistic impact
As an alternative to experimental tests, finite element (FE) simula tions can be used to study the influence of different parameters on the ballistic performance of laminated glass
The main objective of the numerical study is to investigate whether the simulations can recreate the global behaviour using relatively simple FE models and the node splitting technique, while capturing local behaviour is of second-order importance
Summary
Due to the brittle nature of glass, windows made from annealed float glass provide limited protection against ballistic impact. It was found that the protective ca pacity of the laminated glass was significantly reduced if it was pre-damaged by a fragment or a bullet From these studies, it is clear that the ballistic performance of a laminated glass plate is dependent on several factors, including the mechanical properties of the glass and polymer, the impact velocity of the projectile, and the stacking sequence and the thicknesses of the different layers. As an alternative to experimental tests, finite element (FE) simula tions can be used to study the influence of different parameters on the ballistic performance of laminated glass. Double-laminated glass plates are impacted by 7.62 mm AP bullets, and their ballistic limit velocity and curve are determined both through experimental tests and numerical simulations. The main objective of the numerical study is to investigate whether the simulations can recreate the global behaviour (e.g., the perforation resistance of the laminated glass) using relatively simple FE models and the node splitting technique, while capturing local behaviour (such as crushing of the glass material) is of second-order importance
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