Abstract

EFSA JournalVolume 6, Issue 7 653 OpinionOpen Access Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and their salts Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food chain European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)Search for more papers by this author European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)Search for more papers by this author First published: 21 July 2008 https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2008.653Citations: 34 Panel members: Jan Alexander, Guðjón Atli Auðunsson, Diane Benford, Andrew Cockburn, Jean-Pierre Cravedi, Eugenia Dogliotti, Alessandro Di Domenico, María Luisa Fernández-Cruz, Johanna Fink-Gremmels, Peter Fürst, Corrado Galli, Philippe Grandjean, Jadwiga Gzyl, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Niklas Johansson, Antonio Mutti, Josef Schlatter, Rolaf van Leeuwen, Carlos van Peteghem, Philippe Verger. Acknowledgement: EFSA wishes to thank the working group members Diane Benford, Jacob de Boer, Angelo Carere, Alessandro Di Domenico, Niklas Johansson, Dieter Schrenk, Greet Schoeters, Pim de Voogt and ad hoc expert Elena Dellatte. Adoption date: 21 February 2008 Published date: 21 July 2008 Question number: EFSA-Q-2004-163 AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 3M Company, 1979. Technical report summary - final comprehensive report: FC-143. (U.S. EPA AR-226 528). 3M Company, 1999. Perfluorooctane sulfonate: Current summary of human sera, health and toxicity data. 3M Company, 21 January 1999. 3M Company, 2000a. Determination of serum half-lives of several fluorochemicals, June 8, 2000, 3M Company. FYI-07000-1378, 8(e) Supplemental Submission, 8EHQ-0373/0374. 3M Company, 2000b. US EPA Administrative Record AR226-0595, Publicly available at www.regulations.gov 3M Company, 2001. Analysis of PFOS, FOSA and PFOA From Various Food Matrices Using HPLC Electrospray Mass Spectrometry. Analytical Report, June 21, 2001. 3M Company, 2003. Environmental and Health Assessment of Perfuorooctane Sulfonic Acid and its Salts. Prepared by 3M in consultation with Moore, J., DABT, Hollyhouse, Inc. Rodricks, J., DABT, and Turnbull, D. DABT, Environ Corp. Warren-Hicks, W. and colleagues, The Cadmus Group, Inc. August 20, 2003. 3M Environmental Laboratory 2001. Environmental Monitoring – Multi-City Study – Water, Sludge, Sediment, POTW Effluent and Landfill Leachate Samples – Executive Summary, June 25, 2001. Abbott, B.D., Wolf, C. J., Schmid, J. E., Das, K.P., Zehr, R.D., Helfant, L., Nakayama, S., Lindstrom, A.B., Strynar, M.J., and Lau, C. 2007. Perfluorooctanoic Acid Induced Developmental Toxicity in the Mouse is Dependent on Expression of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor-alpha. Toxicol.Sci. 98, 571– 581. Abdellatif, A.G., Preat, V., Taper, H.S. and Roberfroid, M. 1991. The modulation of rat liver carcinogenesis by perfluorooctanoic acid, a peroxisome proliferator. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 111, 530– 537. Alexander, B.H. 2001a. Mortality study of workers employed at the 3M Cottage Grove facility. Final Report. Division of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota. April 26, 2001. US EPA AR226-1030a018. Alexander, B.H. 2001b. Mortality study of workers employed at the 3M Decatur facility. Final Report. Division of Envvironmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota. April 26, 2001. US EPA AR226-1030a019. Alexander, B.H., Olsen, G.W., Burris, J.M., Mandel, J.H. and Mandel, J.S. 2003. Mortality of employees of a perfluorooctanesulphonyl fluoride manufacturing facility. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 60, 722– 729. Alexander, B.H. and Olsen, G.W. 2007. Bladder cancer in perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride manufacturing workers. Ann.Epidemiol. 17, 471– 478. Apelberg, B.J., Goldman, L.R., Calafat, A.M., Herbstman, J.B., Kuklenyik, Z, Heidler, J, Needham, L.L., Halden, R.U., and Witter, F.R. 2007a. Determinants of fetal exposure to polyfluoroalkyl compounds in Baltimore, Maryland. Environ.Sci.Technol. 41, 3891– 3897. Apelberg, B.J., Witter, F.R., Herbstman, J.B., Calafat, A.M., Halden, R.U., Needham, L.L., and Goldman, L.R. 2007b. Cord serum concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in relation to weight and size at birth. Environ.Health Perspect. 115, 1670– 1676. Austin, M.E., Kasturi, B.S., Barber, M., Kannan, K., MohanKumar, P.S. and MohanKumar, S.M.J. 2003. Neuroendocrine effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate in rats. Environ Health Perspect 111, 1485– 1489. Barton C.A., Butler L.E., Zarzecki C.J., Flaherty J., and Kaiser M. 2006. Characterizing perfluorooctanoate in ambient air near the fence line of a manufacturing facility: comparing modeled and monitored values. Journal of Air Waste Management Association 56, 48– 55. Bachmanov, A.A., Reed, D.R., Beauchamp, G.K., Tordoff, M.G. 2002. Food intake, water intake, and drinking spout side preference of 28 mouse strains. Behav Genet. 32, 435– 443. Beach, S.A., Newsted, J.L., Coady, K., and Giesy, J.P. 2006. Ecotoxicological evaluation of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS). Rev.Environ.Contam Toxicol. 186, 133– 174. Becker, W. and Pearson, M. 2002. Riksmaten 1997–98. Dietary habits and nutrient intake in Sweden 1997–98, in Swedish. National Food Administration, Uppsala, Sweden. Available under URL www.slv.se. Begley, T.H., White, K., Honigfort, P., Twaroski, M.L., Neches, R. and Walker R.A. 2005. Perfluorochemicals: Potential sources of and migration from food packaging. Food Additives and Contaminants 22 (10): 1023– 1031. Berger, U., Langlois, I., Oehme, M. and Kallenborn, R. 2004. Comparison of three types of mass spectrometers for HPLC/MS analysis of perfluoroalkylated substances and fluorotelomer alcohols. Eur J Mass Spectrom 10: 579– 588 Berger, U. and Haukås, M. 2005. Validation of a screening method based on liquid 2chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry for analysis of perfluoroalkylated substances in biota. J Chromatogr A 1081 (2): 210– 7. Berger U., Holmström K., Glynn A., Berglund M., Ankarberg E., Törnkvist A. 2007. Perfluorinated alkyl substances in market basket food samples and fish from Lake Vättern and the Baltic Sea. Rapport till Naturvårdsverket Programområde Miljögiftssamordning Överenskommelse nr 219 0641 Dnr: 721–5953-06Mm. Stockholm/Uppsala 2007–04-03. Berglund M., Holmström K., Ask K,. Petersson-Grawé K., Pickowa J. and Järnberg U. 2004. Resultatrapport, (kontrakt 215 0307, 215 0309, 215 0310). Report to the Swedish EPA, in Swedish only. BfR (Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung). 2006. Hohe Gehalte an perfluorierten organischen Tensiden (PFT) in Fischen sind gesundheitlich nicht unbedenklich Stellungnahme Nr. 035/2006 des BfR vom 27. Juli 2006. In German only. Available at URL: www.bfr.bund.de/cm/208/hohe_gehalte_an_perfluorierten_organischen_tensiden_in_fischen_sind_gesundheitlich_nicht_unbedenklich.pdf Biegel, L.B., Liu, R.C.M., Hurtt, M.E. and Cook, J.C. 1995. Effects of ammonium perfluoroctanoate on Leydig cell function. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 134, 18– 25. Biegel, L.B., Hurtt, M.E., Frame, S.R., O'Conner, J.C. and Cook J.C. 2001. Mechanisms of extrahepatic tumour induction by peroxisome proliferators in male CD rats. Toxicol Sci 60, 44– 55. Biesemeier, J.A. and Harris, D.L. 1974. Eye and Skin Irritation Report on Sample T-1117. Report. Project No. 4102871, WARF Institute Inc. Bonesteel, J.A.K. and Kaiser, M.A. 2003. Workshop analytical methods for PFOA, Hamburg, Germany. PIM to you have more details for this reference e.g. date Boulanger, B., Peck, A.M., Schnoor, J.L. and Hornbuckle, Boulanger, B., Peck, A.M., Schnoor, J.L. and Hornbuckle, K.C. 2005. Mass budget of perfluorooctane surfactants in Lake Ontario. Environ Sci Technol 39, 74– 79. Brooke D., Footitt A., and Nwaogu T.A. 2004. Environmental risk evaluation report: Perfluorooctanesulphonate (PFOS). Reseach Contrctor: Building Research Establishment Ltd, Risk and Policy Analysts Ltd. This report was produced by the Environment Agency's Science Group. Available at URL: www.environment-agency.gov.uk/commondata/105385/pfos_rer_sept04_864557.pdf Burris, J.M., Olsen, G., Simpson, C. and Mandel, J. 2000. Determination of serum half-lives of several fluorochemicals. 3M Company. Interim Report 2. January 11, 2002. U.S. EPA AR- 226-1086. Burris, J.M., Lundberg, J.K., Olsen, G., Simpson, C. and Mandel, J. 2002. Interim report No. 2, Determination of serum half-lives of several fluorochemicals. St. Paul (MN), 3M Company. U.S.A EPA Docket AR-226-1086. Butenhoff, J., Costa, G., Elcombe, C., Farrar, D., Hansen, K., Iwai, H., Jung, R., Kennedy, G., Lieder, P., Olsen, G. and Thomford, P. 2002. Toxicity of amonium perfluorooctanoate in male cynomolgus monkeys after oral dosing for 6 months, Toxicological Sciences 69: 244– 257. Butenhoff, John L; Kennedy, Gerald L, Jr; Frame, Steven R; O'Connor, John C; York, Raymond G. 2004. The reproductive toxicology of ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO) in the rat. Toxicology 196: 95– 116. Calafat, A., Kuklenyik, Z., Reidy, J.A., Tully, J.S. and Needham, L.L. 2005. Perfluorochemicals in residents of the United States in 2001 through 2002. ANA019 Calafat. “Fluoros” 9th International Symposium on Fluorinated Alkyl Organics in the Environment, Toronto, August 2005. Calafat, A.M., Kuklenyik, Z, Reidy, J.A., Caudill, S.P., Tully, J.S., and Needham, L.L. 2007. Serum concentrations of 11 polyfluoroalkyl compounds in the u.s. population: data from the national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES). Environ.Sci.Technol. 41, 2237– 2242. Case, M.T., York, R.G., Christian, M.S. 2001. Rat and rabbit oral developmental toxicology studies with two perfluorinated compounds. Int J Toxicol. 20, 101– 109. Chang, S.C., Thibodeaux, J.R., Eastvold, M.L., Ehresman, D.J., Bjork, J.A., Froehlich, J.W., Lau, C.S., Singh, R.J., Wallace, K.B., and Butenhoff, J.L. 2007. Negative bias from analog methods used in the analysis of free thyroxine in rat serum containing perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS). Toxicology 234, 21– 33. Christian, M.S., Hoberman, A.M. and York, R.G. 1999. Combined Oral (gavage) Fertility, Developmental and Perinatal/Postnatal Reproduction Toxicity Study of PFOS in Rats. Argus Research Laboratories, Inc., Horsham, PA U.S EPA. Docket 8EHQ-0200-00374. Christopher, B. and Martin, J. W. 1977. 28-Day oral toxicity study with FC-143 in albinomice. 8532–10655, T-1742CoC. Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc. Cifone, M.A., 1999. Unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat liver primary cell cultures with PFOS. 20780–0-447. Covance Laboratories Inc. Cook, J.C., Hurtt, M.E., Frame, S.R. and Biegel, L.B. 1994. Mechanisms of extrahepatic tumour induction by peroxisome proliferators in Crl: CD BR(CD) rats. Toxicologist 14: 301. Corning Hazleton, Inc. 1993. Mutagenicity test on T-5710 in an in vivo rat micronucleus assay. No 15516–0-454. COT (Committee on toxicity of chemicals in food, consumer products and the environment). 2006 a Statement on the tolerable daily intake for Perfluorooctane sulphonate. Expressed on 8 November 2006. Available at URL: www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/cotstatementpfos200609.pdf COT (Committee on toxicity of chemicals in food, consumer products and the environment). 2006 b Statement on the tolerable daily intake for Perfluorooctanoic acid. Expressed on 8 November 2006. Available at URL: www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/cotstatementpfoa200610.pdf Covance Laboratories, Inc. 2000. Rapport final. L5178Y TK+ mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay with a confirmatory assay with N-EtFOSE, T-6316. No 20785–0-431 ICH. CSL (Central Science Laboratory). 2006. Perfluoroctane sulphonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and related compounds in food, development and validation of a method and analysis of Total Diet Study samples. CSL report, FD 05/23. Central Science Laboratory. Cunha I., Hoff P., van de Vijver K., Guilhermino L., Esmans E., and de Coen W. 2005. Baseline study of perfluorooctane sulfonate occurrence in mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, from north-central Portuguese estuaries. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50, 1128– 1132 de Voogt, P. and Sáez, M. 2006. Analytical chemistry of perfluoroalkylated substances. Trends Anal Chem. 25, 326– 342. de Voogt P, Berger U, de Coen W, de Wolf W, Heimstad E, McLachlan M, van Leeuwen S, van Roon A 2006a. Perfluorinated organic compounds in the European environment (Perforce). Report to the EU, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, NL. pp1-126. de Voogt P., Sàez M., Serné P., Fahner W., van Roon A., and Mons M.N. 2006b. Perfluorinated alkilated substances in surface waters of the Netherlands. Poster presented at the: Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam.SETAC Europe Annual Metting-The Hague. Dean, W.P. and Jessup, A.C. 1978, Acute oral toxicity (LD50) study in rats International research and development corporation, Study 137–091, 1978, USEPA AR226-0419. Dean, W.P., Jessup, D.C., Thompson G., Romig, G. and Powell, D. 1978. Fluorad Fluorochemical Surfactant FC-95 Acute Oral Toxicity (LD50) Study in Rats. Study No. 137–083, International Research and Development Corporation. Dellatte, E., Fattore E., Turrini A., and Di Domenico A. 2006. Assessment of the PFOS and PFOA intake through drinking water and fish consumption in the Italian general population. Organohalogen Compounds 68, 1692– 1695. Dinglasan-Panlilio, M.J. and Mabury, S.A. 2006. Significant Residual Fluorinated Alcohols Present in Various Fluorinated Materials. Environ. Sci.Technol. 40, 1447– 1453. DNFCS (Dutch National Food Consumption Survey), 1998.: Zo eet Nederland: resultaten van de Voedselconsumptiepeiling, 1997–1998. Den Haag: Voedingscentrum. 1998. (The Hague: Nutrition Centre, 1998). DuPont Company, 2003a. Adsorption/desorption of ammonium perfluoroctanoate to soil (OECD 106). Dupont EMSE report No 17-03. DuPont Company, 2003b. Epidemiology surveillance report: Cancer incidence for Washington works site 1959–2001. U.S. EPA AR226-1307. DuPont Company, 2005. U.S. EPA Administrative record AR 226–1914. Available at URL:www.regulations.gov. U.S. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) 2005 a: Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) on a request related to a 9th list of substances for food contact materials. Question No EFSA-Q-2004-071, EFSA-Q-2004-094, EFSA-Q-2003-214, EFSA-Q-2003-222. Adopted on 29 June 2005. Available at URL www.efsa.eu.int/science/afc/afc_opinions/1056/afc_op_ej248_9thlist_en2.pdf EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2005b. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on a request from EFSA related to Exposure Assessments. Adopted on 22 June 2005. www.efsa.eu.int/science/sc_commitee/sc_opinions/1028_en.html. Ehresman, D. J., Froelich, J. W., Olsen, G. W, Changa, S-C., John L. Butenhoff, J. L, 2007, Comparison of human whole blood, plasma, and serum matrices for the determination of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), and other fluorochemicals. Environ. Res. 103: 176– 184. Elcombe, CR, BM Elcombe, JR Foster, DG Farrar. 2007. Characterization of the hepatomegaly induced by ammonium perfluorooctanoic acid (APFO) in rats. The Toxicologist, Abstract # 867. Ellis, D.A. and Mabury, S.A. 2003. Chemical ionization pathways of polyfluorinated chemicals-a connection to environmental atmospheric processes. J.Am.Soc.Mass Spectrom. 14, 1177– 1191. Ellis, D.A., Martin, J.W., De Silva, A.O., Mabury, S.A., Hurley, M.D., Sulbaek Andersen, M.P., and Wallington, T.J. 2004. Degradation of fluorotelomer alcohols: a likely atmospheric source of perfluorinated carboxylic acids. Environ.Sci.Technol. 38, 3316– 3321. Ericson, I., Gomez, M, Nadal, M, Van, B.B., Lindstrom, G., and Domingo, J.L. 2007. Perfluorinated chemicals in blood of residents in Catalonia (Spain) in relation to age and gender: a pilot study. Environ.Int. 33, 616– 623. Falandysz, J., Taniyasu, S, Yamashita, N, Jecek, L, Rostkowski, P, Gulkowska, A, Mostrag, A, Walczykiewicz, B, Zegarowski, L, Falandysz, J., and Zalewski, K. 2006. Perfluorinated chemicals in the environment, food and human body. Rocz.Panstw.Zakl.Hig. 57, 113– 124. Fasano, W.J., Carpenter, S.C., Gannon, S.A., Snow, T.A., Stadler, J.C., Kennedy, G.L., Buck, R.C., Korzeniowski, S.H., Hinderliter, P.M., Kemper, R.A. 2006 Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of 8–2 fluorotelomer alcohol in the rt. Toxicol Sci. 91, 341– 355. Fei, C., McLaughlin, J.K., Tarone, R.E., Olsen, J. 2007. Perfluorinated Chemicals and Fetal Growth: A Study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. Environ. Health Perspect. 115, 11, 1677– 1682. FMG (Fluoropolymer Manufacturing Group), 2002. U.S. EPA Administrative Record AR226-1094 Publicly available at www.regulations.gov. Fluoros Report 2006. 2nd Worldwide Interlaboratory Study on PCFs. December 2006. Frame, S.R. and McConnell, E.E. 2003. Review of the proliferative lesions of the exocrine pancreas in two chronic studies in rats with ammonium perfluorooctanoate. DuPont-13788. Oct. 16, 2003. Fromme, H., Midasch, O., Twardella, D., Angerer, J., Boehmer, S., Liebl, B. 2007a. Occurrence of perfluorinated substances in an adult German population in southern Bavaria. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 80, 313– 319. Fromme, H.; Schlummer, M., Möller, A., Gruber, L., Wolz, G.; Ungewiß, J., Böhmer, S., Dekant, W. 2007b. Exposure of an adult population to perfluorinated substances using duplicate diet portions and biomonitoring data. Environ. Sci. Techn., 41, 7928– 7933. Furdui, V.I., Stock, N., Whittle, D.M., Crozier, P., Reiner, E., Muir, D.C.G. and Mabury, S.A. 2005a. Perfluoroalkyl contaminants in lake trout from the Great Lakes. ENV024 Furdui. “Fluoros” 9th International Symposium on Fluorinated Alkyl Organics in the Environment, August 2005, Toronto, Canada. Furdui V.I., Crozier P., Reiner E., and Mabury S.A. 2005b. Direct measurement of perfluoroalkylated surfactants in Great Lakes water samples. Presented at the 9th International Symposium on Fluorinated Alkyl Organics in the Environment, August 18–20 (Toronto, Canada). ANA031 Furdui. Garry, V.F. and R.L. Nelson. 1981. An assay of cell transformation and cytotoxicity in C3H10T1/2 clonal cell line for the test on chemical T-2942 CoC. Stone Research Laboratories, Minneapolis, MN, March 4, 1981. US EPA AR226-0428. Giesy, J.P. and Kannan, K. 2001. Global distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate in wildlife. Environ Sci Technol 35: 1339– 1342. Gilliland, F.D. and Mandel, J.S. 1993. Mortality among employes of a perfluorooctanoic acid production plant. J Occup Med 35 (9):, 950– 954. Gilliland, F.D. and Mandel, J.S. 1996. Serum perfluorooctanoic acid and hepatic enzymes, lipoproteins, and cholesterol: a study of occupationally exposed men. Am.J.Ind.Med. 29, 560– 568. Glaza, S. 1995. Acute dermal toxicity study of T-6342 in rabbits. Coming Hazelton Inc., Madison, WI., 3M Company, St Paul. USEPA AR226-0427. Glaza, S.M., 1997. Acute oral toxicity study of T-6669 in rats. Corning Hazalton Inc. CHW 61001760. Sponsored by 3M Company, St. Paul, Minnesota. January 10. USEPA AR226-0420. Goldenthal, E.I. 1978a. Final report, ninety day subacute Rhesus monkey toxicity study. 137– 090. International Research and Development Corporation. Goldenthal, E.I., 1978b. Final Report, Ninety Day Subacute Rat Toxicity Study on Fluorad Fluorochemical FC-143, International Research and Development Corporation, Study No. 137–089, November 6, 1978. U.S. EPA Public Docket AR-226-441 Goldenthal, E.I., Jessup, D.C., Geil, R.G., Mehring, J.S. 1978a Ninety-day subacute rat toxicity study. 137-085. International Research and Development Corporation. Goldenthal, E.I., Jessup, D.C., Geil, R.G., Mehring, J.S. 1978b. Ninety-day subacute rhesus monkey toxicity study. 137-092. Internation Research and Development Corporation. Goldenthal, E.I., Jessup, D.C., Geil, R.G., Mehring, J.S. 1979. Ninety-day subacute rhesus monkey toxicity study. 137– 087. International Research and Development Corporation (aborted study!). Gortner, E.G. 1980. Oral Teratology Study of FC-95 in Rats. Riker Laboratories, Inc. Experiment Number: 0680TR0008, December, 1980. AR-226 226-0016. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, U.S.A. Gortner, E.G. 1981. Oral Teratology Study of T-2998CoC in Rats. Report prepared by Safety Evaluation Laboratory and Riker Laboratories, Inc. Experiment No. 0681TR0110. AR226-1136. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, U.S.A. Gortner, E.G., 1982. Oral teratology study of T-3141CoC in rabbits. Experiment Number 0681TB0398. Safety Evaluation Laboratory and Riker Laboratories, Inc., St. Paul, MN. USEPA Public Docket AR-226-0465. Grasty, R.C., Grey, B.E., Lau, C. and Rogers, J.M. 2003. Prenatal window of susceptibility to perfluorooctane sulfonate-induced neonatal mortality in the Sprague Dawley rat. Birth Defects Res 68 Part B: 465-471. Grasty, R.C., Bjork, J.A., Wallace, K.B., Wolf, D.C., Lau, C.S., and Rogers, J.M. 2005. Effects of prenatal perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) exposure on lung maturation in the perinatal rat. Birth Defects Res.B Dev.Reprod.Toxicol. 74, 405– 416. Griffith, F.D. and Long, J.E. 1980. Animal toxicity studies with ammonium perfluorooctanoate. American Industrial Hygiene Association 41: 576– 583. Grottenmuller R, Knaup, W, Probst A, Dullinger K (2002) European Patent 1172350 Clariant, GmbH. Gulkowska A., Jiang Q., So M.K., Taniyasu S., Lam P.K.S., Yamashita N. 2006. Persistent perfluorinated acids in seafood collected from two cities of China. Environmental Science and Technology 40, 3736– 3741. Guruge, K.S., Yeung, L.W., Yamanaka, N, Miyazaki, S, Lam, P.K., Giesy, J.P., Jones, P.D., and Yamashita, N. 2006. Gene expression profiles in rat liver treated with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Toxicol.Sci. 89, 93– 107. Han, X., Snow, T.A., Kemper, R.A., and Jepson, G.W. 2003. Binding of perfluorooctanoic acid to rat and human plasma proteins. Chem.Res.Toxicol. 16, 775– 781. Han, X., Kemper, R.A., and Jepson, G.W. 2005. Subcellular distribution and protein binding of perfluorooctanoic acid in rat liver and kidney. Drug Chem.Toxicol. 28, 197– 209. Hanhijarvi, H., Ophaug, R.H. and Singer, L. 1982. The sex-related difference in perfluorooctanoate excretion in the rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 171, 50– 55. Hansen, K.J., Clemen, L.A., Ellefson, M.E. and Johnson, H.O. 2001. Compound-specific, quantitative characterisation of organic fluorochemicals in biological matrices. Environ Sci Technol 35, 766– 770 Hansen K.J., Johnson H.O., Eldridge J.S., Butenhoff J.L., and Dick L.A. 2002. Quantitative characterisation of trace levels of PFOS and PFOA in the Tennessee river. Environmental Science and Technology 36, 1681– 1685. Harada, K., Saito, N., Sasaki, K., Inoue, K. and Koizumi, A. 2003. Perfluorooctane sulfonate contamination of drinking water in the Tama River, Japan: estimated effects on resident serum levels. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 71, 31– 36. Harada, K., Saito, N., Inoue, K., Yoshinaga, T., Watanabe, T., Sasaki, S., Kamiyama, S., and Koizumi, A. 2004. The influence of time, sex and geographic factors on levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate in human serum over the last 25 years. J.Occup.Health 46, 141– 147. Harada K., Nakanishi S., Saito N., Tsutsui T., Koizumi A. 2005. Airborne perfluorooctanoate may be a substantial source contamination in Kyoto area, Japan. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 74, 64– 69. Harada K., Nakanishi S., Sasaki K., Furuyama K., Nakayama S., Saito N., Yamakawa K., and Koizumi A. 2006. Particle size distribution and respiratory deposition estimates of airborne perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctanesulfonate in Kyoto area, Japan. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 76, 306– 310. Haughom, B. and Spydevold, O. 1992. The mechanism underlying the hypolipemic effect of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulphonic acid (PFOSA) and clofibric acid. Biochimica Biophysica Acta 1128, 65– 72. Health Canada, 2004. Perfluoroocate sulfonate, its Salts, and its precursors that contain the C8F17SO2 or C8F17SO3 moiety. Screening Assessment Report, Health Canada (Ottawa). Available at URL: www.ec.gc.ca/CEPARegistry/documents/subs_list/pfos.pdf Hekster, F.M. P. de Voogt, A.M., Pijinenburg C.M and Laane R.W.P.M., 2002. Perfluoroalkylated substances – aquatic environmental assessment. Report RIKZ/2002.043. Prepared at the University of Amsterdam and RIKZ (The State Institute for Coast and Sea), July 1, 2002. 99 pp. Hekster, F.M., Laane, R.W.P.M. and de Voogt, P. 2003. Environmental and toxicity effects of perfluoroalkylated substances. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 179, 99– 121. Henderson, W.M. and Smith, M.A. 2007. Perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorononanoic acid in fetal and neonatal mice following in utero exposure to 8–2 fluorotelomer alcohol. Toxicol.Sci. 95, 452– 461. Higgins, C.P. and Luthy, R.G. 2006. Sorption of perfluorinated surfactants on sediments. Environ.Sci.Technol. 40, 7251– 7256. Hinderliter, P.M., Mylchreest, E., Gannon, S.A., Butenhoff, J.L. and Kennedy, Jr. G.L. 2005. Perfluorooctane: Placental and lactational transport pharmacokinetics in rats. Toxicology 211, 139– 148. Hinderliter, P.M., Han, X., Kennedy, G. L., and Butenhoff, J.L. 2006. Age effect on perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) plasma concentration in post-weaning rats following oral gavage with ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO). Toxicology 225, 195– 203. Hoff, P.T., van de Vijver, K., van Dongen, W., Esmans, E.L., Blust, R. and de Coen, W.M. 2003. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid in bib (Trisopterus luscus) and plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) from the Western Scheldt and the Belgian North Sea: Distribution and biochemical effects. Environ Toxicol Chem. 22, 608– 614. Hoff, P.T., Scheirs, J., van de Vijver, K., van Dongen, W., Esmans, E.L., Blust, R. and de Coen, W. 2004. Biochemical effect evaluation of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid contaminated Wood Mice (Apodemicus sylvaticus). Environ Health Perspect 112, 681– 686. Holmström, K.E., Berglund, M. and Järnberg, U. 2005a. Exposure to perfluorinated acids in 108 Swedish women in relation to methylmercury and fish consumption. Poster ANA003. Fluoros” 9th International Symposium on Fluorinated Alkyl Organics in the Environment, August 2005, Toronto, Canada. Hori, H., Hayakawa, E., Yamashita, N., Taniyasu, S., Nakata, F., Kobayashi, Y. 2004. Highperformance liquid chromatography with conductimetric detection of perfluorocarboxylic acids and perfluorosulfonates. Chemosphere. 57, 273– 282. Hosokawa, M. and Satoh, R. 1993. Differences in the induction of carboxylesterase isozymes in rat liver microsomes by perfluorinated fatty acids. Xenobiotica 23, 1125– 1133. Hu, W., Jones, P. D., Upham, B. L., Trosko, J. E., Lau, C., and Giesy, J. P. (2002). Inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication by perfluorinated compounds in rat liver and dolphin kidney epithelial cell lines in vitro and Sprague-Dawley rats in vivo. Toxicol. Sci. 68, 429– 436. Ikeda, T., Aiba, K. and Fukuda, K. 1985. The induction of peroxisome proliferation in rat liver by perfluorinated fatty acids, metabolically inert derivatives of fatty acids J Biochem. 98, 475– 482. Ikeda, T., Fukuda, K. and Mori, I. 1986. Induction of cytochrome-P-450 and peroxisome proliferation in rat-liver by perfluorinated octane sulfonic acid (PFOS) Eur J Cell Biol. 41, 20. cant find it is this the one below then change in text. ? Inoue, K., Okada

Full Text
Published version (Free)

Talk to us

Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have

Schedule a call