Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of saphenous vein grafts for medically refractory unstable angina

Abstract

Objectives. We attempted to answer the question, Is balloon angioplasty a reasonable alternative to repeat coronary artery bypass graft surgery in patients with previous coronary bypass graft surgery, medically refractory unstable angina and vein graft lesions?Background. Patients with medically refractory unstable angina need revascularization. Patients with previous coronary artery bypass graft surgery and medically refractory angina are at “high risk” for adverse outcomes with repeat coronary bypass graft surgery. Conversely, patients with angioplasty of old vein grafts are also at “high risk” for adverse outcomes.Methods. Balloon angioplasty of 89 lesions in saphenous vein grafts was performed in 75 consecutive patients with medically refractory unstable angina. Of these 75 patients, 24 (32%) had myocardial infarct within 30 days, 23 (31%) had left ventricular ejection fraction <0.35, and 50 (67%) had major comorbidity. Patients underwent standard balloon angioplasty with aggressive use of intravenous and intracoronary heparin, urokinase, nitroglycerin, oral aspirin, calcium channel blocking agents and coumadin.Results. Angiographic success (reduction of stenosis ≤50% without major complication) was seen in 84 of 89 lesions. Clinical success (angiographic success plus hospital discharge without major complication) was seen in 70 of 75 patients. During index hospitalization, two patients (3%) died, two (3%) had nonfatal infarcts, and one (1%) had emergency reoperation (coronary bypass graft surgery). In late follow up (3 to 66 months), 14 (20%) patients were lost to follow-up, 17 (23%) had repeat percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, 2 (3%) had late bypass graft reoperation, 18 (25%) had late death, and 1 (<1%) had a heart transplant. Of the 41 patients alive after one or more angioplasties, 25 have little or no angina, and 16 have occasional or more angina. We compared long-term survival rate in these 75 patients with a cohort of patients with high risk, unstable angina from the Veterans Affairs Surgical Registry (2,570 patients). The 30-day survival rate was better in patients with coronary angioplasty (97% vs. 92%, p < 0.05), but by 6 months there was no difference, and by 5 years a trend toward a higher survival rate with coronary artery bypass graft surgery was seen.Conclusions. Balloon angioplasty of saphenous vein grafts with aggressive adjunctive pharmacotherapy is a reasonable alternative to repeat coronary bypass graft surgery in patients with medically refractory unstable angina, previous coronary bypass graft surgery and saphenous vein narrowing.