Abstract
Intrahepatic stones are frequently associated with recurrent cholangiohepatitis and complete surgical removal of the stones is almost always difficult because of the large number of stones and the associated bile duct strictures. One hundred and seventy patients with retained intrahepatic stones underwent percutaneous stone removal utilizing pre-shaped angulated catheters, 9-F polyethylene tubes with different angles of distal tip, and Dormia baskets under fluoroscopy with a combination of techniques including irrigation-suction, crushing of large stones, balloon dilatation of strictures and extracorporenal shock wave lithotripsy. The procedure was performed through a mature T-tube tract (168 patients) and a mature transhepatic tube tract (two patients). Stones were exclusively intrahepatic in 125 patients, whereas 45 patients also had stones in the common bile duct.
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