Abstract
Perchlorate (ClO4−) has several industrial applications and is frequently detected in environmental matrices at relevant concentrations to human health. Currently, perchlorate-degrading bacteria are promising strategies for bioremediation in polluted sites. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize halophilic bacteria with the potential for perchlorate reduction. Ten bacterial strains were isolated from soils of Galerazamba-Bolivar, Manaure-Guajira, and Salamanca Island-Magdalena, Colombia. Isolates grew at concentrations up to 30% sodium chloride. The isolates tolerated pH variations ranging from 6.5 to 12.0 and perchlorate concentrations up to 10000 mg/L. Perchlorate was degraded by these bacteria on percentages between 25 and 10. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the strains were phylogenetically related to Vibrio, Bacillus, Salinovibrio, Staphylococcus, and Nesiotobacter genera. In conclusion, halophilic-isolated bacteria from hypersaline soils of the Colombian Caribbean are promising resources for the bioremediation of perchlorate contamination.
Highlights
Perchlorate pollution is a problem of global impact because it has a negative effect on ecosystems with a loss of environmental quality, which increases with anthropogenic activity
Perchlorate is an ubiquitous emerging contaminant produced from both natural and anthropogenic sources [1], present in areas associated with the use and manufacture of rockets and ammunition. is compound is a potent endocrine disruptor that mainly affects the fixation of iodine by the thyroid gland, responsible for regulating metabolism, growth, and development [2, 3], being dangerous to infants and young children [4]
Perchlorate is highly distributed in ecosystems and organisms; it is frequently found in several matrices, including breast milk, fertilizers, plants, food, and human tissues. is scenario has led to the prioritization of studies that allows for the removal of this contaminant from polluted sites, as it is extremely toxic and persistent; efficient treatments for its degradation are needed in order to maintain the quality of soils from biodiversity hotspots
Summary
Perchlorate pollution is a problem of global impact because it has a negative effect on ecosystems with a loss of environmental quality, which increases with anthropogenic activity. Ere are different physicochemical techniques commonly used for the environmental removal of this anion, such as ion exchange, but it is not selective and the process usually only separates the perchlorate from contaminated sources [7], generating by-products, which requires subsequent treatment [7]. Perchlorate is persistent but possesses biodegradability [8] Enzymes such as the perchlorate reductase and superoxide chlorite carry out the reduction or elimination of perchlorate. A reductase enzyme is responsible for reducing perchlorate to chlorate and chlorate to chlorite, while the enzyme superoxide chlorite changes chlorite to chloride and molecular oxygen. Biological reduction through the use of bacteria completely degrades the perchlorate ions into Cl− and O2 (equation (1)) [9,10,11]. Biological reduction through the use of bacteria completely degrades the perchlorate ions into Cl− and O2 (equation (1)) [9,10,11]. e perchlorate degradation pathway is as follows: ClO4−(perchlorate) ⟶ ClO3−(chlorate) ⟶ ClO2−(chlorite) ⟶ Cl−(chloride) + O2
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