Perceptions of pesticides exposure risks by operators, workers, residents and bystanders in Greece, Italy and the UK

K Remoundou,M Brennan,G Sacchettini,L Panzone,M.C Butler-Ellis,E Capri,A Charistou,E Chaideftou,M.G Gerritsen-Ebben,K Machera,P Spanoghe,R Glass,A Marchis,K Doanngoc,A Hart,L.J Frewer

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.099

Abstract

The EU Directive on the sustainable use of pesticides (EU128/2009/EC) requires European Member States to develop training activities targeting occupational exposure to pesticides, and communication material aimed at residents and bystanders. Risk perceptions, knowledge and attitudes associated with passive and occupational exposure to pesticide potentially influence the extent to which different stakeholders adopt self-protective behaviour. A methodology for assessing the link between attitudes, adoption of self-protective behaviours and exposure was developed and tested. A survey was implemented in the Greece, Italy and the UK, and targeted stakeholders associated with pesticide exposure linked to orchards, greenhouse crops and arable crops respectively. The results indicated that the adoption of protective measures is low for residents and bystanders, with the exception of residents in Greece, when compared to operators and workers, who tend to follow recommended safety practices. A regression analysis was used to examine the factors affecting the probability of adopting protective measures as well the as the level of exposure in the case of operators and workers where data are available. The results indicate that the likelihood of engaging in self-protective behaviour is not significantly affected by perceptions of own health being affected by pesticides for residents and bystanders. However, operators who perceive that their heath has been negatively affected by the use of pesticides are found to be more likely to adopt self-protective behaviours. Gender and country differences, in perceptions, attitudes and self-protection are also observed. Recommendations for improved communication, in particular for vulnerable groups, are provided.

Highlights

IntroductionRisks to residents and bystanders may include inadvertent dermal and including agricultural workers (e.g. see Kimani and Mwabthi, 1995; Pasiani et al, 2012; Stadlinger et al, 2011; Salameh et al, 2004; Karunamoorthi et al, 2011; Blanco-Muñoz and Lacasaña, 2011).For workers and operators in particular, difficulties in implementing appropriate protection may exist in relation to access and use of protective clothing (e.g. Flocks et al, 2012).Perceived or actual work pressures may result in inappropriate behaviours in these stakeholder groups (Acury et al, 2002; Austin et al, 2001)
Risks to residents and bystanders may include inadvertent dermal and including agricultural workers.For workers and operators in particular, difficulties in implementing appropriate protection may exist in relation to access and use of protective clothing (e.g. Flocks et al, 2012).Perceived or actual work pressures may result in inappropriate behaviours in these stakeholder groups (Acury et al, 2002; Austin et al, 2001)
It can be concluded that a relationship between risk perceptions, associated attitudes, and exposure holds for most, but not all, of the stakeholder groups included in the analysis, as well as within the different countries included

Summary

Introduction

Risks to residents and bystanders may include inadvertent dermal and including agricultural workers (e.g. see Kimani and Mwabthi, 1995; Pasiani et al, 2012; Stadlinger et al, 2011; Salameh et al, 2004; Karunamoorthi et al, 2011; Blanco-Muñoz and Lacasaña, 2011).For workers and operators in particular, difficulties in implementing appropriate protection may exist in relation to access and use of protective clothing (e.g. Flocks et al, 2012).Perceived or actual work pressures may result in inappropriate behaviours in these stakeholder groups (Acury et al, 2002; Austin et al, 2001). For example, in relation to when treatments should be applied, or regarding the extent to which pesticides represent a hazard, may discourage adoption of self-protective behaviours (Obopile et al, 2008). The perception that resistance to pesticide risks will occur after years of exposure, or that a person’s ability to control their own exposure to pesticides is limited, is likely to result in lower adoption of protective behaviour (Flocks et al, 2007; Arcury et al, 2002; Cabrera, 2009). Adoption of heavy protective clothing may be uncomfortable in warmer climates or conditions, indicating the need to compare perceptions and the adoption of self-protective behaviours across countries in different climatic regions (e.g. Berg et al, 2001; De Almeida et al, 2012)

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion