Perceptions of healthy snacking among Irish adolescents: a qualitative investigation

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine Irish adolescents' perceptions towards healthy and unhealthy snack foods and to determine the factors influencing healthy/unhealthy snacking behaviours. Fourteen single-sexed focus groups were conducted with 113 adolescents aged 11–18 years from two secondary schools in Dublin, Ireland. The findings revealed a healthy snack was defined as any food free from E-numbers and which did not appear bright in colour, sticky and very chewy. While adolescents did indicate that they regularly consume sweetened beverages, these were perceived more as rehydration or performance-enhancing drinks as opposed to snacks. Adolescents demonstrated a good understanding of what constitutes healthy snacking. However, they displayed a much greater understanding of negative health effects associated with unhealthy snacks than the potential positive health effects associated with healthy snack food consumption. Major factors were identified which prevent healthy snack uptake. These included sensory appeal, price, accessibility and a lack of palatable, healthy snacks aimed towards adolescents. Male peer interactions were more likely to promote unhealthy snacking behaviours. Male adolescents were also more likely to perceive and consume fast foods as a snack. In contrast, girls demonstrated a greater tendency to uptake healthier snacking practices to portray a more desirable body image. The findings of this study provide insights into the behaviour processes affecting healthy snack food uptake among Irish adolescents. Future health messages addressing the attitudinal aspects of healthy snacking need to be carefully researched and effectively disseminated among adolescents in order to bridge the gap between knowledge and behaviour. Ideally, future healthy eating interventions should be designed in partnership with young people to help promote a more positive perception towards healthy snack foods.