Abstract
The aim of this study is to clarify the stakeholders' perceptions and attitudes of climate change adaptation in disaster prevention, which is one of the essential factors to make cities resilient, with the expert knowledge and discussion with each other participant via online deliberative experiment. We set up online virtual communities consisting of stakeholders living in disaster-stricken cities and towns who are expected to have a certain stake in this issue, and conducted a deliberation within the communities for 14 days on resilient city policy focusing on climate change adaptation in disaster prevention with the relevant knowledge from experts. We then analyzed changes of the perceptions and attitudes of the participants using the utterances (text data on the message boards) and the questionnaire data of before and after deliberation. The main results are as follows; (i) during the deliberation, a wide range of topics were discussed and converged to policy options over time, (ii) the self-help measures were got understanding of the participants though transformative measures including evacuation for a long time faced negative responses. almost none of the adaptation policies received greater opposition after deliberations than before, participants gained, through discussion, a deeper understanding of measures they themselves could implement (self-help) especially, (iii) perceived effectiveness of adaptation policies have been improved after deliberation, though, cost-benefit evaluation for transformative measures was remarkably lower after deliberation, that is, they will be difficult to implement. Therefore, we need to provide expert knowledge which can make people change their framing.
Highlights
In Japan, the MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of Japan)’s climate change adaptation plan, formulated in November 2015, cited concerns over the various potential impacts of climate change, such as frequent flooding, an increase in the frequency of landslides, an increase in drought damage, changes in water quality, increased risk to communications infrastructure, large-scale temperature increases within the city, impact on business logistics and sightseeing due to storm and flood damage, and more
Resilient City Policy Online Deliberation practical adaptation measures were mentioned, such as the stable maintenance of facilities, the operation, maintenance, and updating of equipment, and the design of facilities with minimal reworking for flood control measures; housing construction, tenanting, and land use that take into consideration disaster risk for sediment disaster control measures; and promotion of public awareness and the provision of information for cross-discipline initiatives (Ministry of Land Infrastructure Transport Tourism of Japan, 2015)
Each community received support via panels of experts assembled by the authors on subjects such as climate change scientist of national research institute and disaster prevention engineer of national university and policymaker of local government, which provided a succession of expert knowledge: moderated debate and discussion proceeded
Summary
In Japan, the MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of Japan)’s climate change adaptation plan, formulated in November 2015, cited concerns over the various potential impacts of climate change, such as frequent flooding, an increase in the frequency of landslides, an increase in drought damage, changes in water quality, increased risk to communications infrastructure, large-scale temperature increases within the city, impact on business logistics and sightseeing due to storm and flood damage, and more. Resilient City Policy Online Deliberation practical adaptation measures were mentioned, such as the stable maintenance of facilities, the operation, maintenance, and updating of equipment, and the design of facilities with minimal reworking for flood control measures; housing construction, tenanting, and land use that take into consideration disaster risk for sediment disaster control measures; and promotion of public awareness and the provision of information (public awareness of climate change, and disaster prevention and mitigation measures; provision of geospatial information) for cross-discipline initiatives (Ministry of Land Infrastructure Transport Tourism of Japan, 2015) These matters are reflected in the National Plan for Climate Change Adaptation, enacted the same month and year by the Cabinet of Japan (Cabinet of Japan, 2015). To increase public awareness toward adaptation measures, it is essential to strive to reduce the potential gap in awareness among citizens, policymakers and experts regarding the impact and risks of climate change and gain a greater public understanding of and cooperation with these policies (see Van Aalst et al, 2008)
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