Perceived stress and affective experience in Italian teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic: correlation with coping and emotion regulation strategies

Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, people have experienced sudden changes in their lives, especially in their work dynamics. In this context, the balance of positive and negative affective experiences can influence workers’ job satisfaction. Objectives: Explore the levels of job satisfaction, related to positive and negative affect, in a group of Latin American workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: The sample included 594 Latin American workers (M = 38, aged between 18 and 60; SD = 10.47), of both sexes, who answered a sociodemographic questionnaire online and two psychological measures of affect and job satisfaction. Ward’s hierarchical cluster analysis and K-means were used as methods. Results: Four worker groups were identified: Group 1, high levels of positive and negative affect with high job satisfaction; Group 2, low levels of positive and negative affect with low job satisfaction; Group 3, high levels of positive affect and low levels of negative affect with high job satisfaction; Group 4, low levels of positive affect and high levels of negative affect with low job satisfaction. Conclusions: Groups with high levels of positive affect experienced high job satisfaction, while groups with high or low levels of negative affect and low levels of positive affect experienced low job satisfaction.

The presence of unsuitable coping and emotion regulation strategies in young populations with gambling disorder (GD) and in those who have experienced cyberbullying victimization has been suggested. However, this association has not been explored in depth. In this study, our aim was to analyze individual differences in emotion regulation, coping strategies, and substance abuse in a clinical sample of adolescents and young adult patients with GD (n = 31) and in a community sample (n = 250). Furthermore, we aimed to examine the association between cyberbullying and GD. Participants were evaluated using the Cyberbullying Questionnaire-Victimization, the Canadian Adolescent Gambling Inventory, the Coping Strategies Inventory, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test. Structural Equation Modeling was used to explore associations between these factors in a community sample and in a clinical group. In both groups, exposure to cyberbullying behaviors was positively associated with higher emotion dysregulation and the use of maladaptative coping styles. Our findings uphold that adolescents and young adults who were victims of cyberbullying show difficulties in emotion regulation and maladaptive coping strategies when trying to solve problems. The specific contribution of sex, age, gambling severity, emotion regulation, and coping strategies on cyberbullying severity is also discussed. Populations at vulnerable ages could potentially benefit from public prevention policies that target these risk factors.

Child-care chaos and teachers' responsiveness: The indirect associations through teachers' emotion regulation and coping

ObjectiveThe Covid-19 pandemic has wrought disruption to everyday life and services, and emerging evidence suggests that those with eating disorders (EDs) are likely to experience marked distress and exacerbation of their symptoms. However, little is known around the most relevant factors to symptom change; whether certain emotion regulation and coping strategies are linked to better outcomes; and how people with EDs are adjusting to psychological interventions moving online.MethodIn a mixed-method design, we collected qualitative and quantitative data from 207 (76 males) self-selected UK residents with self-reported ED, who described and ranked impacts of the pandemic on their symptoms. Regression analysis examined whether emotion regulation strategies were associated with self-reported symptom change, ED symptomatology, and negative emotional states. Thematic analysis explored participants’ experiences of the pandemic, particularly factors affecting their ED, coping strategies used, and experiences of psychological intervention.ResultsMost participants (83.1%) reported worsening of ED symptomatology, though factors affecting symptom change differed between specific EDs. Emotion regulation, such as having fewer strategies, poorer emotional clarity, and non-acceptance of emotions, explained nearly half of the variance in emotional distress during the pandemic. Qualitative findings indicated that difficult emotions (such as fear and uncertainty), changes to routine, and unhelpful social messages were triggering for participants during the pandemic. While some participants described employing positive coping strategies (such as limiting social media exposure), many reported using ED behaviours (among other maladaptive strategies, like alcohol use) to cope with the pandemic. Finally, loss of treatment support, feeling underserving of support and experiencing a ‘detached connection’ online were further exacerbating factors for these participants.DiscussionWhile our sample was self-selected and may not represent all people with EDs, our results suggest that people with EDs have been strongly affected by the pandemic. Some aspects of online treatment were found to be beneficial but our findings suggest it also needs some improvement. Our paper discusses implications for online treatment such as taking into account personal circumstances and, in a time where people have limited control over the antecedents of negative emotion, the need to develop skills to manage emotions when they arise.

The college environment significantly shapes students’ social development, yet many experience social anxiety that affects their mental health. Trait resilience has been identified as an important psychological resource that may influence how individuals regulate emotions and cope with stress, which could be relevant to understanding social anxiety. Focusing on college students, this study examines the extent to which trait resilience, emotion regulation, and coping strategies contribute to the mitigation of social anxiety, emphasizing their potential roles as mediators in this psychological process. This study surveyed 748 college students using questionnaires to assess their trait resilience, social anxiety, emotion regulation, and coping strategies. The data were obtained via an online questionnaire, employing random sampling of university students from different regions in China during the period from November 2024 to January 2025. The dataset was processed through SPSS, which was applied to carry out statistical descriptions, examine variable correlations, and explore mediating effects. The study found a significant negative correlation between trait resilience and social anxiety (r = − 0.486, p < 0.001). In the mediation analysis, the direct effect of trait resilience on social anxiety remained significant (β = − 0.173, 95% CI − 0.224, − 0.121). Additionally, cognitive reappraisal (β = 0.047, 95% CI 0.001,0.096), expressive suppression (β = − 0.019, 95% CI − 0.037, − 0.002), approach coping strategies (β = − 0.145, 95% CI − 0.185, − 0.107), and avoidance coping strategies (β = − 0.025, 95% CI − 0.045, − 0.006) all played mediating roles between trait resilience and social anxiety. This study shows that higher trait resilience has been linked to lower social anxiety, with emotion regulation and coping strategies playing key mediating roles. These findings provide a basis for designing interventions to reduce social anxiety in college students. Future research should focus on enhancing trait resilience and promoting positive emotion regulation.

In the study, the use of coping and emotion regulation (ER) strategies is compared in 194 adults aged between 20 and 65 years, regarding their age (emerging, young or middle adulthood), gender and level of education. There are almost no significant differences in the use of coping and ER strategies in adults regarding age. Women use certain ER strategies (e.g., attentional deployment) more than men, but there is no difference between the two groups in the use of coping strategies. Adults with a low level of education use more confrontive coping and distracting in comparison with adults with a high level of education, while the escape- -avoiding coping strategy is used more by adults with low and middle levels of education than those with a high level of education. Regarding ER, adults with a low level of education use more cognitive reappraisal of importance than both groups with a higher educational level, whereas they use suppression and substances only more than adults with a high level of education. Correlations between coping and ER strategies are mostly non-significant, suggesting that coping and ER are distinct processes in adulthood.

The Case/Care Manager (CCM) is a new position for in the Italian National Health Service scenario. Job satisfaction plays a key role for the CCM to engage in his work, accomplishing it in a complete. Nurses' job satisfaction is a complex construct and many different variables can influence it: personal characteristics, cultural characteristic, social characteristic, organizational characteristic, and environmental characteristic. The main aim of this study is to assess the job satisfaction in a sample of CCM and to assess if and how Social Variables (organizational climate and health) and Individual (socio-demographic variables, coping strategies, emotion regulation) relate to the CCM job satisfaction. This study has a quantitative exploratory cross-sectional design. Participants were Nurse CCM with or without specific training who filled a battery of questionnaires : Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) , section three of ICONAS questionnaire, section five of the Multidimensional Organizational Health Questionnaire (MOHQ), anamnestic sheet, Coping Orientation to the Problems Experienced (COPE-NVI-25), and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). The battery was administered online on the website of Italian Case Manager, Italian Association of Care Manager, and IPASVI Colleges. It was also distributed during the National Congress for Case Manager in Padua. 103 participants took part in the study. The total mean score of JSS was 117,28 (S.D.=21,12). The emotional regulation strategy most used was the "Cognitive Response", and the most used Coping strategy was "Problem Oriented". There were significant correlations between JSS and Social variables in the total score (ICONAS r=.574 p<0.01; MOHQ (positive indicators) r=.608 p<0.01; MOHQ (negative indicators) r=-.634 p <0.01) and in its subscales. There were also significant correlations between JSS subscales and Individual variables (COPE and ERQ). Participants with a specific training tend to use the emotion regulation strategy "Negative interpretation self-oriented" (U 910.500 p<0.005) and "Distraction" (U 885.000 p<0.005) more than those without specific training. The same significant difference was found in JSS pay (t=-2,48 per p<0.05) and JSS Fringe Benefits (t=-2,07 per p<0.05). The CCM job satisfaction seems to be ambivalent. It seems to be not entirely polarized on presence/absence, but rather still in a gray area. organizational climate and health influence significantly the overall perception of job satisfaction and its different areas. The most "avoiding" emotional regulation strategies, seem to negatively affect the perception of satisfaction. Emotional regulation and coping strategies related to challenges focusing and management, along with the individual perception of collaboration, positively influence satisfaction. Participants who underwent a specific CCM training, committing themselves financially and personally, perceive less job satisfaction when their role is not recognized in terms of pay. This study showed that that the main strategies used to regulate emotions are the Cognitive Response and the Social Contact. We suggest that further studies could be made to define the links between individual strategies and the presence of chronic distress and we suggest that a specific training on coping and emotion regulation may be implemented in graduation and post-graduation courses.

Adolescence is marked by elevated levels of negative affect (NA) and is a crucial period for the development of emotion regulation (ER). To date, relatively little is known about how adolescents' daily use of different ER strategies (ERS) is associated with momentary affective experiences. To elucidate these dynamics, we investigated whether (a) within-person differences in using different ERS were related to momentary NA and positive affect, (b) ER variability (operationalized as between-strategy variability) was related to momentary affect, and (c) stressor intensity was a moderator herein. Data from two ecological momentary assessment studies were used: NStudy1 = 89 Dutch adolescents (48% females, data collected in 2019) and NStudy2 = 266 Belgian adolescents (42% females, data collected in 2021). Momentary affect and ERS use were measured eight times per day during 1 week (Study 1) or five times during 2 weeks (Study 2). Within-person associations were estimated using a series of univariate autoregressive (Lag-1) dynamic structural equation models. Results show that, of all the ERS examined, only distraction was associated with lower levels of momentary NA and higher levels of positive affect across both studies, whereas the opposite associations were found for rumination. Contrary to expectations, ER variability was associated with lower levels of momentary NA only when stressor intensity was low but with higher levels of NA when stressor intensity was high. Overall, findings have noteworthy implications for future research on affect dynamics in adolescents and reveal a more nuanced picture about the benefits of ER variability in daily life. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Individuals with psychosis report employing more maladaptive and less adaptive emotion regulation (ER) strategies compared to nonclinical controls (NCs). However, it is unknown whether this is predictive of affect experienced in daily life and whether ER strategies are used less frequently and effectively by individuals with psychosis in daily life. Individuals with psychosis and current delusions (PDs; n = 71) and NCs (n = 42) completed questionnaires of habitual ER and experience sampling over 6 consecutive days, in which they reported 10 times a day on the presence of negative and positive affect and deployment of ER strategies (reappraisal, acceptance, awareness, suppression, rumination, distraction, and social sharing). Effectiveness of strategy use was operationalized by examining successive differences in positive and negative affect. Multilevel regression analyses were conducted. Questionnaires of habitual ER were largely predictive of affect in daily life. There was indication of a more frequent use of putatively maladaptive strategies but either no differences in individual adaptive strategies or even a more frequent use (reappraisal) in PDs compared to NCs. Several ER strategies (e.g., reappraisal, rumination) proved effective in reducing negative affect by the next prompt, independent of group, but suppression was effective in only PDs and acceptance had unfavorable effects in both groups. Thus, PDs demonstrated an increased use of ER strategies in daily life, of which the majority helped them to reduce negative affect. This indicates that their increased levels of negative affect are not explicable by difficulties in deploying explicit ER strategies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

The purpose of the study was to examine science teachers’ emotions, emotion regulation goals and strategies during instruction, and the role of teaching experience, teacher efficacy beliefs, and teacher goal orientations in their emotions and emotion regulation using the control-value theory of emotions and the process model of emotion regulation. We employed a multiple-case holistic design with three in-service science teachers. Data were collected from teacher diaries, video recordings, fieldnotes from non-participant observations, and semi-structured interviews. For data analysis, the deductive method, content analysis, and the constant comparative method were employed. Results showed that the most frequently experienced emotions during the instruction were enjoyment and contentment as positive emotions and worry and anger as negative emotions. The teachers mostly used antecedent-focused emotion regulation strategies for hedonic reasons. The most frequently used emotion regulation strategy was situation selection, which was mostly employed for classroom management issues. In addition, findings indicated that the teachers differed in their emotions, emotion regulation goals, and emotion regulation strategies based on their years of teaching experience, self-efficacy beliefs, goal orientations, and pedagogical content knowledge. Results suggest the importance of teacher emotions in science education to nurture effective science pedagogies and to enrich science teaching.

Children with cancer routinely undergo painful medical procedures invoking strong physiological stress responses. Resilience to this pain may be conferred through resources such as emotion regulation strategies and positive affect. This study measured dispositional positive affect in children with cancer (N=73) and randomly assigned participants to one of three emotion regulation strategy conditions (distraction, reappraisal, or reassurance). Children applied their assigned strategy during an experimental pain procedure (the cold pressor task [CPT]) and provided saliva samples before, immediately after, and 15 min after the CPT. Saliva samples were later assayed for salivary alpha amylase (sAA)-a surrogate marker for autonomic/sympathetic nervous system activity and regulation. Children in the reassurance group had sAA levels that continued to rise after completion of the CPT compared to children in the distraction (b=-1.68, P=0.021) and reappraisal conditions (b=-1.24, P=0.084). Furthermore, dispositional positive affect moderated the effect of condition such that children in the reassurance group with lower levels of positive affect had sAA levels that continued to rise after completion of the CPT (dy/dx=1.56, P=0.027), whereas children in the reassurance condition with higher levels of positive affect did not exhibit this rise (P>0.05). Specific emotion regulation strategies, such as distraction and reappraisal, may attenuate the stress response to pain in pediatric patients with cancer, and positive affect may confer resilience in response to pain even with use of less effective coping strategies such as reassurance.

Background and aims: The Case/Care Manager (CCM) is a new position for in the Italian National Health Service scenario. Job satisfaction plays a key role for the CCM to engage in his work, accomplishing it in a complete. Nurses’ job satisfaction is a complex construct and many different variables can influence it: personal characteristics, cultural characteristic, social characteristic, organizational characteristic, and environmental characteristic. The main aim of this study is to assess the job satisfaction in a sample of CCM and to assess if and how Social Variables (organizational climate and health) and Individual (socio-demographic variables, coping strategies, emotion regulation) relate to the CCM job satisfaction. Methods: This study has a quantitative exploratory cross-sectional design. Participants were Nurse CCM with or without specific training who filled a battery of questionnaires : Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) , section three of ICONAS questionnaire, section five of the Multidimensional Organizational Health Questionnaire (MOHQ), anamnestic sheet, Coping Orientation to the Problems Experienced (COPE-NVI-25), and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). The battery was administered online on the website of Italian Case Manager, Italian Association of Care Manager, and IPASVI Colleges. It was also distributed during the National Congress for Case Manager in Padua. Results: 103 participants took part in the study. The total mean score of JSS was 117,28 (S.D.=21,12). The emotional regulation strategy most used was the “Cognitive Response”, and the most used Coping strategy was “Problem Oriented”. There were significant correlations between JSS and Social variables in the total score (ICONAS r=.574 p<0.01; MOHQ (positive indicators) r=.608 p<0.01; MOHQ (negative indicators) r=-.634 p <0.01) and in its subscales. There were also significant correlations between JSS subscales and Individual variables (COPE and ERQ). Participants with a specific training tend to use the emotion regulation strategy “Negative interpretation self-oriented” (U 910.500 p<0.005) and “Distraction” (U 885.000 p<0.005) more than those without specific training. The same significant difference was found in JSS pay (t=-2,48 per p<0.05) and JSS Fringe Benefits (t=-2,07 per p<0.05). Discussion: The CCM job satisfaction seems to be ambivalent. It seems to be not entirely polarized on presence/absence, but rather still in a gray area. organizational climate and health influence significantly the overall perception of job satisfaction and its different areas. The most “avoiding” emotional regulation strategies, seem to negatively affect the perception of satisfaction. Emotional regulation and coping strategies related to challenges focusing and management, along with the individual perception of collaboration, positively influence satisfaction. Participants who underwent a specific CCM training, committing themselves financially and personally, perceive less job satisfaction when their role is not recognized in terms of pay. This study showed that that the main strategies used to regulate emotions are the Cognitive Response and the Social Contact. We suggest that further studies could be made to define the links between individual strategies and the presence of chronic distress and we suggest that a specific training on coping and emotion regulation may be implemented in graduation and post-graduation courses

Receivers' Perspectives on Workplace Anger

BACKGROUND:Somatic symptoms and related disorders are prevalent phenomena in the healthcare system. As the clinical observations have shown the relation of these symptoms with emotions and cognitive distortions, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy (EFT) on emotion regulation and coping strategies in women with somatic symptoms.MATERIALS AND METHODS:In this semi-experimental, two-group pretest-posttest phases study the sample consisted of 30 women with somatic symptoms aged between 20 and 60 years in the spring of 2023, who were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. To assess the research variables, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-I), Garnefski and Kraaij’s Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and Lazarus and Folkman’s Coping Strategies Questionnaire were used in both pretest and posttest phases. The EFT group received treatment for 12 sessions, while the control group remained on a waiting list. The data were analyzed using SPSS 23 software and covariance analysis.RESULTS:The results indicated that EFT improved emotion regulation and coping strategies in women with somatic symptoms in the posttest (P > 0.05).CONCLUSION:Based on the findings of this study, it appears that EFT can be used as a psychological treatment to improve emotion regulation and coping strategies in women with somatic symptoms.

Abstract: Emotion regulation (ER) and coping strategies were compared in 242 pedagogical students from theFaculty ofEducation,University ofLjubljana, with different attachment styles: secure (51.3%), fearful (31.9%), preoccupied (14.2%), and dismissive (2.7%). The students’ ages ranged from 18 to 24 years (M = 19.02;SD = .92), and the majority were female (95.0%). They completed three questionnaires assessing their attachment styles and their use ofERand coping strategies. It was determined that the students used the majority ofERand coping strategies sometimes. Somewhat different patterns in the use ofERand coping strategies were, however, present in each attachment‐based group. Significant differences between these groups appeared in their use of theERstrategies of social support, suppression, and comfort eating, and in the coping strategies of seeking social support and escaping or avoiding stressful situations.