Abstract
This study examined the prevalence of non-smoking norms in England and their associations with motivation to stop smoking, quit attempts, and cessation. Data were from a representative cross-sectional survey of 1,521 adults (301 combustible tobacco smokers). Descriptive non-smoking norms were endorsed, with just 16% of adults (12% of smokers) believing smoking was uncommon. Injunctive non-smoking norms were more prevalent, with 60–77% of adults (17–48% of smokers) viewing smoking as something of which others disapproved. Personal non-smoking norms were also prevalent among all adults (73% indicated they would prefer to live with a non-smoker) but not smokers (69% had no preference). Smokers who endorsed stronger descriptive non-smoking norms had increased odds of reporting high motivation to stop smoking (ORadj = 1.63, 95%CI 1.06–2.52). Female (but not male) past-year smokers who endorsed stronger injunctive (ORadj = 2.19, 95%CI 1.41–3.42) and personal (ORadj = 1.90, 95%CI 1.29–2.82) non-smoking norms had increased odds of having made a past-year quit attempt. In conclusion, perceived descriptive non-smoking norms are not held by the majority of adults in England. Injunctive and personal non-smoking norms are prevalent among all adults but lower among smokers. There is some evidence that smokers – in particular, women – who endorse stronger non-smoking norms are more likely to be motivated to stop smoking and to make a quit attempt.
Highlights
This study aimed to investigate the extent to which non-smoking norms are associated with different tobacco smoking cessation activities[28], including motivation to quit, quit attempts, and cessation itself, and whether these associations are moderated by sociodemographic factors
The reason we report data for both past-year smokers and current smokers, despite the considerable overlap of these samples, is to facilitate interpretation of subsequent analyses of associations with motivation to stop smoking and quit attempts and cessation
There is some evidence that smokers – in particular, women – who endorse stronger non-smoking norms are more motivated to stop smoking and more likely to make a quit attempt
Summary
This study aimed to investigate the extent to which non-smoking norms are associated with different tobacco smoking cessation activities28, including motivation to quit, quit attempts, and cessation itself, and whether these associations are moderated by sociodemographic factors This study aimed to investigate the extent to which non-smoking norms are associated with different tobacco smoking cessation activities28, including motivation to quit, quit attempts, and cessation itself, and whether these associations are moderated by sociodemographic factors. we aimed to address the following research questions:
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