Abstract
BackgroundSleep disturbance and poor sleep quality are major health problems worldwide. One potential risk factor for the development and maintenance of sleep disturbance is the parenting style experienced during childhood. However, its role in sleep disturbance in adulthood has not yet been estimated. This Japanese population study was done to clarify the relation between the parenting styles “care” and “overprotection” during childhood and sleep disturbance in adulthood.MethodsA total of 702 community-dwelling Japanese residents aged ≥ 40 years were assessed in 2011 for their perceptions of the parenting style of their parents by use of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) and for sleep disturbance by use of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The odds ratio (OR) for sleep disturbance (a global PSQI score > 5) was calculated using a logistic regression model.ResultsThe prevalence of sleep disturbance was 29 %. After adjusting for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and physical factors in a comparison with the optimal parenting styles (high care and low overprotection), the ORs for sleep disturbance by men were significantly higher for low paternal care, by 2.49 times (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.21–5.09), and for high overprotection, by 2.40 times (95 % CI: 1.19–4.85), while the ORs were not significant for low maternal care and high overprotection. For women the only significant factor was high maternal overprotection, by 1.62 times (95 % CI: 1.05–2.52), while the ORs were not significant for low maternal care, low paternal care and high paternal overprotection. The association remained significant for high paternal overprotection for men after additionally controlling for depression.ConclusionsThis study suggests that parenting style, especially inadequate care and excessive overprotection during childhood, is related to sleep disturbance in adulthood and that the association is much more significant for parents of the same sex as the child.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0926-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
Sleep disturbance and poor sleep quality are major health problems worldwide
Diabetes was defined as a fasting plasma glucose level of ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL), and/or a 2-h post-loaded or causal glucose level of ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL), HbA1c (NGSP) ≥ 6.5 % and/or current use of insulin or oral glucose-lowering agents Values were tested by t-test, Chi-square test or Mann-Whitney U-test * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 Values are expressed as mean, frequency or median findings of this study suggest that parenting style, especially inadequate care and excessive overprotection during childhood, is related to sleep disturbance in adulthood and that the association is more significant for same sex parentoffspring pairs
The present study demonstrated that the parenting style combination of low care - high overprotection in childhood increases the risk of sleep disturbance in adulthood
Summary
One potential risk factor for the development and maintenance of sleep disturbance is the parenting style experienced during childhood. Its role in sleep disturbance in adulthood has not yet been estimated. This Japanese population study was done to clarify the relation between the parenting styles “care” and “overprotection” during childhood and sleep disturbance in adulthood. Previous population-based studies have estimated the prevalence of insomnia and other sleep problems at from 10 % to 40 % [1]. One potential factor that may effect sleep disturbance is the parenting style experienced during childhood [8]. Infancy, childhood, and adolescence are critical periods for the development of hormonal reactions that resist stressors [15], which could influence sleep mechanisms
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