Peptidomic approach, based on liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, for detecting sheep's milk in goat's and cow's cheeses

Abstract

A common fraud in the dairy field is the addition of sheep's milk to goat's cheeses, because it has a very similar taste to goat's milk, but is more available, and is commonly considered to have a better capacity to curdle. For similar reasons, and due to economic convenience, sheep's cheeses may also contain fraudulent cow's milk. In order to detect this fraud, an EU official method may be used, but it is only a qualitative method (presence/absence of cow's milk). A method able to quantify the presence of sheep's milk during cheese production in goat's and cow's cheeses was developed. The method is based on liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) analysis of peptides of a casein extract from the cheese. By a simple procedure, caseins are extracted from cheeses, solubilized, digested with plasmin, and subsequently analyzed by LC/ESI-MS/MS. A typical sheep's peptide produced by plasmin hydrolysis (m/z = 860) was accurately selected and analyzed to understand if, and by how much, a declared pure goat's cheese contains sheep's milk. By analyzing the same peptide it is also possible to detect if, and by how much, a declared pure sheep's milk contains, or not, cow's milk. The method was applied to several goat's and cow's cheese samples. Quantitation was performed with a calibration curve obtained by analyzing curd cheeses containing different percentages of sheep's milk. The method detection limit and method quantitation limit were evaluated. This method appears accurate and suitable for detecting up to 2% of sheep's milk in cheeses.