Abstract
The interactions between peptides and lipids are of fundamental importance in the functioning of numerous membrane-mediated cellular processes including antimicrobial peptide action, hormone-receptor interactions, drug bioavailability across the blood-brain barrier and viral fusion processes. Moreover, a major goal of modern biotechnology is obtaining new potent pharmaceutical agents whose biological action is dependent on the binding of peptides to lipid-bilayers. Several issues need to be addressed such as secondary structure, orientation, oligomerization and localization inside the membrane. At the same time, the structural effects which the peptides cause on the lipid bilayer are important for the interactions and need to be elucidated. The structural characterization of membrane active peptides in membranes is a harsh experimental challenge. It is in fact accepted that no single experimental technique can give a complete structural picture of the interaction, but rather a combination of different techniques is necessary.
Highlights
IntroductionPeptide-membrane interactions are involved in numerous crucial biological processes, such as antimicrobial defense mechanisms, viral translocation, membrane fusion, functions of membrane proteins, transport of therapeutic compounds, disruption of integrity of membranes, and others
Importance of Membrane Interacting PeptidesPeptide-membrane interactions are involved in numerous crucial biological processes, such as antimicrobial defense mechanisms, viral translocation, membrane fusion, functions of membrane proteins, transport of therapeutic compounds, disruption of integrity of membranes, and others.Membrane interacting peptides comprise a large family of diverse peptides exhibiting a broad range of biological activities and, continuously attract growing interest for their biomedical applications.During peptide membrane interactions, both the peptide and the membrane may experience a series of structural changes
The factors that facilitate the interaction of proteins with cholesterol are varied and are not yet completely understood; but it is widely accepted that the presence of membrane-stabilizing cholesterol in mammalian cells protects the cells from attack by antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)
Summary
Peptide-membrane interactions are involved in numerous crucial biological processes, such as antimicrobial defense mechanisms, viral translocation, membrane fusion, functions of membrane proteins, transport of therapeutic compounds, disruption of integrity of membranes, and others. In the barrel-stave model, the lipids maintain a lamellar organization and the peptides form well-defined and stable bundles, which, when they are of a sufficient diameter, can serve as a pore This is believed to be the arrangement of transmembrane helices in ion-conducting channels, either as part of a larger protein, or when organized through a self-assembly process. With a different distribution of hydrophobicity, adopt interfacial or transmembrane orientations relative to the membrane Many of such mechanisms include diverse stages of interaction between the peptides and the membrane or between various peptides, meaning that peptide-membrane interactions are complex and diverse phenomena. We will focus on some of the most commonly seen scenarios in the studies of peptide-membrane interactions and on the different techniques that could be used to obtain deep details of the interactions
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