Abstract
With estimated worldwide cost over $1 trillion just for dementia, diseases of the central nervous system pose a major problem to health and healthcare systems, with significant socio-economic implications for sufferers and society at large. In the last two decades, numerous strategies and technologies have been developed and adapted to achieve drug penetration into the brain, evolving alongside our understanding of the physiological barriers between the brain and surrounding tissues. The blood brain barrier (BBB) has been known as the major barrier for drug delivery to the brain. Both invasive and minimally-invasive approaches have been investigated extensively, with the minimally-invasive approaches to drug delivery being more suitable. Peptide based brain targeting has been explored extensively in the last two decades. In this review paper, we focused on self-assembled peptides, shuttle peptides and nanoparticles drug delivery systems decorated/conjugated with peptides for brain penetration.
Highlights
The central nervous system (CNS) comprises the brain and the spinal cord
The World Health Organisation (WHO) reported that Neurodegenerative Diseases” (NDs) affect around 0.1 billion individuals (24 million individuals suffer from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other dementias)[5]
This study indicates that even the EPR of the brain tumors was not sufficient to allow accumulation of PEG-AuNRs@SiO2 nanorods in the tumors and use of rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG)-29 cell targeting peptide was necessary to achieve desired therapeutic outcomes
Summary
The central nervous system (CNS) comprises the brain and the spinal cord. Any injury or damage to the CNS affects its normal functioning and may lead to permanent disability in many cases, due to a largely limited ability for neural tissue regeneration in humans [1, 2]. The World Health Organisation (WHO) reported that NDs affect around 0.1 billion individuals (24 million individuals suffer from AD and other dementias)[5]. The BBB is a layer of endothelial cells (ECs) associated with pericytes (PCs) and astrocytes (ACs) and acts as a separator of the blood from parenchymal cells, preventing penetration of drugs into the CNS. It protects the brain from overexposure to substances such as potassium, glycine and glutamate, which, in high levels such as found in pathological conditions, are neurotoxic [13, 14]. This review covers peptide based drug delivery systems for the brain and future prospects
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