Pepper spray in the eye: Author reply

Abstract

We agree with the statement of Drs. Epstein and Majmudar that “we do not want your readers to conclude that pepper spray is an innocuous substance under less controlled circumstances.” We were careful to perform our study under controlled conditions, although actual use of the spray may vary greatly. There are many variables in the use of pepper spray that could lead to ocular damage: 1.Spraying distance. In our study we followed the recommended spraying distances, although this may not be done in actual use under combat conditions. It is known that high-pressure aerosols could mechanically damage the eye,1 but we know of no specific reports of this type for pepper spray.2.Instructions to subjects. The subjects in our study were instructed and constantly reminded to not rub their eyes during the pepper spray drill. The subjects were also instructed to hold their breath so to as to not inhale the spray. As we described in our article, the drills were carried out in a paved parking lot that was relatively free from sawdust, dirt, or other airborne debris.3.Irrigation. All of the subjects in our study received copious irrigation with cold water within 2 to 3 minutes after being sprayed. Baby shampoo was also used with the water irrigation to help remove the spray.4.Type of pepper spray used. As we discussed in our article: “Not all pepper sprays are created equal.” We are aware of a case of ocular damage from Finland that was believed to be attributable to a spray that contained toxic solvents. For our study, we used sprays with which the police training academy had good anecdotal experience. Most pepper sprays will contain some ethanol as a solvent for the capsicum. The two sprays that we used, Def+tec (Defense Technology Corporation of America, Casper, WY) and Southern Cross Tactical Defense Spray (Southern Cross Development, Inc., Bozeman, MT), contained 28% and 20% ethanol, respectively. Obviously, sprays that contain greater amounts of ethanol, or other solvents, could be more toxic to the epithelium. In addition to the solvent, the spray propellant could be toxic to the cornea as well.