Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium-Associated Maculopathy: Early Detection Using OCT Angiography and Choriocapillaris Flow Deficit Analysis

Abstract

To compare choriocapillaris flow deficit (CC-FD) analysis using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in eyes of patients treated with high cumulative dosages of pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS) but no signs of retinal toxicity versus healthy age-matched controls. Retrospective clinical cohort study. Patients treated with PPS for interstitial cystitis with a cumulative dose of > 1000 g underwent multimodal imaging screening to exclude evidence of PPS maculopathy or other retinal findings. All study patients and age-matched healthy controls completed a 3×3 mm macular volume scan OCTA using the SOLIX full-range OCT. En face OCTA images at the level of the CC were exported and CC-FDs were computed and compared between groups. Fifteen patients treated with PPS and 15 age-matched controls were included. The mean PPS cumulative dose was 1974 ± 666 g over a mean of 17.6 ± 6.8 treatment years. All patients registered a visual acuity of 20/25 or better and normal fundus autofluorescence (FAF), OCT, multicolor, near-infrared reflectance (NIR), and ultra-widefield fundus color and autofluorescence images. The CC-FD was 32.7 ± 3.6% in the PPS group compared with 28.6 ± 4.3% in the control group (P=.023). Patients treated with PPS long enough to accumulate dosages > 1000 g showed significant CC flow impairment before the development of macular toxicity signs with OCT, NIR, and FAF compared with age-matched normal controls. Thus, the choroid may be the earliest manifestation of ocular toxicity, predating the development of clinically evident retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) injury. The subsequent RPE disruption may be the result of choriocapillaris impairment or primary PPS toxicity. Assessment of the CC on OCTA may be a useful tool for early detection of toxicity, although further longitudinal studies are required.