Abstract
Bouea macrophylla Griffith, locally known as maprang, has important economic value as a Thai fruit tree. The maprang seed extract (MPSE) has been shown to exhibit antibacterial and anticancer activities. However, the bioactive constituents in MPSE and the molecular mechanisms underlying these anticancer activities remain poorly understood. This study aims to identify the active compounds in MPSE and to investigate the mechanisms involved in MPSE-induced apoptosis in MCF-7 treated cancer cells. The cytotoxic effect was determined by MTT assay. The apoptosis induction of MPSE was evaluated in terms of ROS production, mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization, and apoptosis-related gene expression. The compounds identified by HPLC and LC/MS analysis were pentagalloyl glucose, ethyl gallate, and gallic acid. MPSE treatment decreased cell proliferation in MCF-7 cells, and MPSE was postulated to induce G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. MPSE was found to promote intracellular ROS production in MCF-7 treated cells and to also influence the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, MPSE treatment can lead to increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 gene expression ratio, suggesting that MPSE-induced apoptosis is mitochondria-dependent pathway. Our results suggest that natural products obtained from maprang seeds have the potential to target the apoptosis pathway in breast cancer treatments.
Highlights
Breast cancer is the leading form of cancer among women globally and stands out as a significant influencer of their morbidity and mortality rates [1]
pentagalloyl glucose (PGG), Ethyl gallate (EG), and gallic acid (GA) absorbed light energy at a maximum wavelength of 279 nm, 271 nm, and nm, respectively, by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis as shown in Figure 1(c). e absorption wavelengths at nm and 279 nm were selected to monitor the quantity of each analyte, while the linear progression equations at indicated wavelengths of PGG, EG, and GA are listed in Table 1. e limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of PGG were similar to those of EG at 279 nm and were 0.09 and 0.28 μg/mL, respectively
In this study we proved that maprang seed extract (MPSE) is composed of PGG, EG, and GA as the major phytochemicals (Figure 1(b)). e retention time of GA, EG, and PGG that was monitored at 279 nm was found to be 9.00 ± 0.04, 24.35 ± 0.15, and 30.99 ± 0.23 min, respectively
Summary
Breast cancer is the leading form of cancer among women globally and stands out as a significant influencer of their morbidity and mortality rates [1]. Conventional therapy for breast cancer, including those that involve surgical procedures, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have been improved in recent years to enhance treatment efficacy and reduce the number of cancer-related deaths among women. Continuous use of chemotherapeutic agents or radiation against breast cancer has frequently contributed to the problem of therapy resistance. E underlying mechanism involved in conventional therapies is the activation of the antiapoptosis pathway [2, 3]. Resistance to apoptotic cell death in cancer cells represents one of the major obstacles to eliminating cancer cells. Current research efforts have been focused on the identification of certain compounds that are able to effectively trigger apoptosis.
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