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Abstract
Gastropod molluscs have potential for bioaccumulation of the organotin compounds (OTs) as tributyltin (TBT) and/or triphenyltin (TPT), used in antifouling paints applied to the hulls of ships to prevent biofouling. In gastropods, TBT may act as endocrine disruptors, and to induce imposex, impairing their reproductive capacity. The present study aimed to verify the occurrence of malformations, such as biphalic and triphalic penis in males and females with imposex in Leucozonia nassa and L. ocellata collected in Espírito Santo Bay between the years 2007 and 2011. During this period, 94.8% of female L. nassa and 24.5% of female L. ocellata exhibited imposex and 10 animals presented malformations. For L. nassa , malformations were found in seven females and one male, and for L. ocellata in two males. Most females with malformations presented VDSI stage ≥4 and these results indicate high levels of TBT contamination in the Espirito Santo Bay.
Highlights
Biofouling is the assemblage of phyto- and zoobenthos able to settle on natural or artificial hard substrata that are immersed in water (Dürr & Thomason, 2010) and can result in an undesirable accumulation of these organisms (Kotrikla, 2009).This accumulation can cause damage to the marine industry due to increased friction between the hull and water, which would require greater engine power and generate higher fuel consumption (Yebra et al, 2004)
The present study aimed to verify the occurrence of malformations, such as biphalic and triphalic penis in males and females with imposex in Leucozonia nassa and L. ocellata collected in Espírito Santo Bay between the years 2007 and 2011
From 2007 to 2011, 493 specimens of L. nassa were collected: 170 males and 323 females; of which 95% were affected by imposex
Summary
Biofouling is the assemblage of phyto- and zoobenthos able to settle on natural or artificial hard substrata that are immersed in water (Dürr & Thomason, 2010) and can result in an undesirable accumulation of these organisms (Kotrikla, 2009).This accumulation can cause damage to the marine industry due to increased friction between the hull and water, which would require greater engine power and generate higher fuel consumption (Yebra et al, 2004). Biofouling facilitates the introduction of exotic species into aquatic environments. Aiming to prevent biofouling, antifouling paints containing the organotin compounds (OTs) tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) were introduced into the market in the 60s (Garaventa et al, 2006; Swennen et al, 2009). The use of these paints enables the gradual release of these compounds into the marine environment and affect non-target organisms (Alzieu, 1998). These substances are considered the most toxic man-made anddeliberately introduced into the environment (Goldberg, 1986; Stewart et al, 1992). The toxic effects of these pollutants results in impacts that may cover one or more levels of the biological organization into an ecosystem (Ruiz et al, 1996)
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