Abstract
Reconstruction of composite tissues or organs is challenging, with limited functional and esthetic outcomes. Nearly 100 years passed from the first penile reconstruction is performed; however, the outcomes were far from ideal. With the beginning of the reconstructive transplantation era, new choices became possible. Until now, four penis transplantations were performed worldwide, with encouraging short-term results. Although with a short follow-up, these penile transplantations reported success. However, the problems related to systemic lifelong immunosuppression remain as the major problem related to these life-enhancing transplantations. In this review, we revisit and evaluate the conventional methods of penis reconstruction, overview the up-to-date results of penis transplantation, and discuss advantages and disadvantages of these two techniques.
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