Abstract
Infections are among the most feared and devastating complications of penile prosthesis infections, often requiring surgical exploration and explantation are prosthesis infections. While the rate of infections have decreased due to antibiotic prophylaxis, antiseptic device preparation, increased sterility in implantation techniques and device modifications, infections still occur at a rate of 1–3%. This article reviews the formation of biofilms on penile prostheses and novel, experimental methods to prevent and eradicate them.
Highlights
Erectile dysfunction (ED) affects up to 152 million men worldwide [1]
We review factors contributing to biofilm formation on inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) and novel methods to prevent and eradicate them
When paired with infection retardant coated IPPs, this “no touch” technique further reduces the rate of infection to 0.46% [15,16]
Summary
Erectile dysfunction (ED) affects up to 152 million men worldwide [1]. Current treatment options include oral phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors, intraurethral pellets, intracavernosal injections (ICIs), and penile prosthesis placement. Other antimicrobials fixed to solid surfaces have been tested, including triclosan, chlorhexidine, nitric oxide releasing polymers, coatings release reactive oxygen species, and more recently thermal stress inducing superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles [29] This technology has not yet been utilized with penile prostheses. Inhibition of microcolony formation through extracellular polymeric substance disruption Once microbes attach to a solid surface, biofilms form through microbial proliferation and the microbial production of the scaffolding extracellular matrix. Evolution of these matrices confers a survival advantage as immature biofilms are more antimicrobial susceptible than mature biofilms [43]. The number of viable CFUs per square centimeter significantly decreased in biofilms treated
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