Abstract
BackgroundPenile coital injuries are one of the suggested mechanisms behind the increased risk of HIV among uncircumcised men. We evaluated the prevalence and correlates of self-reported penile coital injuries in a longitudinal community-based cohort of young (18–24 years old), newly circumcised and uncircumcised men in Western Kenya.MethodsSelf-reported penile coital injuries were assessed at baseline, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of follow-up, and were defined as scratches, cuts or abrasions during sex, penile soreness during sex, and skin of the penis bleeding during sex. Associations between penile coital injuries, circumcision, sexual satisfaction, and other covariates were estimated with mixed effect models.ResultsBetween November 2008 and April 2010 3,186 participants were enrolled (1,588 into circumcision group and 1,598 as age-matched controls). Among 2,106 (66%) participants sexually active at baseline, 53% reported any penile injury, including 44% scratches, cuts or abrasions; 32% penile pain/soreness; and 22% penile bleeding. In multivariable modeling, risk was lower for circumcised men than uncircumcised men for scratches, cuts and abrasions (aOR = 0.39; 95% CI 0.34–0.44); penile pain/soreness (aOR = 0.58; 95% CI 0.51–0.65), penile bleeding (aOR = 0.53; 95% CI 0.46–0.62), and any penile coital injuries (aOR = 0.47; 95%CI 0.42–0.53). Other significant risk factors included increasing age, history of STIs and genital sores, and multiple sex partners, while condom use was protective. Coital injuries were significantly associated with lower levels of sexual satisfaction in longitudinal analyses (scratches, cuts or abrasions: aOR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.76–0.98; penile pain/soreness: aOR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.72–0.93; and penile bleeding: aOR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.55–0.76).ConclusionsSelf-reported penile coital injuries were common and decreased significantly following circumcision. Improving sexual experience through the removal of a potential source of sexual discomfort may resonate with many men targeted for circumcision services. The role of penile coital injuries in sexual satisfaction, HIV, HSV-2, and as a motivator for seeking circumcision services should be explored further.
Highlights
Three randomized control trials (RCT) of male circumcision (MC) for HIV prevention in Kenya [1], Uganda [2], and South Africa [3], have demonstrated the protective effect of male circumcision against heterosexually-acquired HIV infection in men beyond any reasonable doubt [4, 5]
Risk was lower for circumcised men than uncircumcised men for scratches, cuts and abrasions; penile pain/soreness, penile bleeding, and any penile coital injuries
Coital injuries were significantly associated with lower levels of sexual satisfaction in longitudinal analyses
Summary
Three randomized control trials (RCT) of male circumcision (MC) for HIV prevention in Kenya [1], Uganda [2], and South Africa [3], have demonstrated the protective effect of male circumcision against heterosexually-acquired HIV infection in men beyond any reasonable doubt [4, 5]. While the exact biological mechanism by which MC affords this protection is not known [6], there are a number of plausible explanations based on the cellular composition and environment of the inner foreskin. With the recognition that ulcerative STIs and other causes of genital tract inflammation increase the risk of HIV infection [10, 11], the association between these infections and circumcision offers additional possible explanation [7, 12,13,14]. Penile coital injuries are one of the suggested mechanisms behind the increased risk of HIV among uncircumcised men. We evaluated the prevalence and correlates of self-reported penile coital injuries in a longitudinal community-based cohort of young (18–24 years old), newly circumcised and uncircumcised men in Western Kenya
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