Abstract
Probiotics (“for lifeâ€) is a live microbial feed supplement or defined as mono- or mixed cultures of live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer  a health benefit to the host by improving its microbial balance. Common descriptives for probiotics include “friendlyâ€, “beneficial†or “healthy†bacteria.  Under natural conditions a protective gut microflora develops and there is no  need for probiotics supplement, but under rather un-natural conditions such like intestinal infections, post antibiotic treatment syndromes, pseudomembranous colitis, the probiotics preparations are needed. The beneficial effects of probiotics inthe host are promotion of the gut maturation and integrity, antagonisms against pathogens and immune modulation. Beyond those, the microflora seems to play a significant rolein diet induced superinflammation, mucosal immune system, neuroendocrine regulation, immunoglobulin production, macrophages factor restoration, apoptosis stimulation, lymphocyte function modulation, cytokine release, mucin production, intestinal immune homeostasis and inflammation prevention. However, many studies proved that probiotics have “upregulation and down-regulation†effects on immune system of the host.
Highlights
mixed cultures of live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit to the host
there is no need for probiotics supplement
Beyond those, the microflora seems to play a significant role in diet induced superinflammation
Summary
Bakteri patogen harus mempunyai kemampuan untuk melakukan adesi sehingga dapat menghasilkan kolonisasi dan menimbulkan penyakit. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hewan coba yang diberi galur E. coli non-patogen lebih resisten terhadap infeksi E. coli patogen dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Selain itu juga dilaporkan bahwa pemberian probiotik mampu mencegah tikus dalam status imunodefisiensi dari serangan candidiasis dan pemberian heat-killed L. acidophilus (lacteol strain) mampu menghambat adesi E. coli pada dinding usus penderita (in vivo) maupun pada media in vitro (14,16-19). Laporan lain menunjukkan bahwa pemberian heat-killed L. acidophilus kepada penderita diare anak yang memperoleh terapi rehidrasi oral dan antibiotik bermuara pada durasi diare yang lebih pendek dibandingkan dengan mereka yang diberi plasebo (20). Ini berarti galur non-patogen juga terikat pada reseptor adesi yang sama dengan galur patogen sehingga galur patogen tidak mempunyai kesempatan untuk melakukan adesi, membentuk kolonisasi dan menimbulkan penyakit (15,21). Probiotik nampaknya berperan sebagai pesaing (competitor) bagi galur patogen untuk mengikatkan diri pada reseptor adesi sehingga galur patogen tak mampu membentuk koloni dan dengan demikian tidak mampu menimbulkan penyakit
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