PENGARUH KESEMPATAN KERJA DAN UPAH MINIMUM TERHADAP PENGANGGURAN DAN TINGKAT KEMISKINAN KABUPATEN/KOTA DI PROVINSI BALI

Low levels of education and minimum wages make job opportunities even lower, thus having an impact on economic growth. Various efforts are designed and implemented by the regional government which are solely used to increase growth for the region itself and are then expected to have a positive impact on the welfare of the community, however, there is still inequality in community welfare between districts/cities in Bali Province. The objectives of this research are 1) to analyze the influence of education level and minimum wage on employment opportunities in Bali Province, 2) to analyze the influence of education level, minimum wage and employment opportunities on economic growth in Bali Province, 3) To analyze how the influence of employment opportunities mediates education level and minimum wage on economic growth in Bali Province. The analysis techniques used in this research are descriptive analysis and path analysis. The data used is panel data consisting of a combination of time series and cross section data with 120 observations obtained through secondary data. The results of this research show that 1) the level of education has a positive and significant effect on job opportunities in Bali Province, 2) the minimum wage has a positive and significant effect on job opportunities in Bali Province, 3) the level of education has a positive and significant effect on economic growth in the Province Bali, 4) the minimum wage has a positive and significant effect on the economic growth of Bali Province, 5) employment opportunities as an intervening variable or mediate the level of education and the minimum wage on employment opportunities in the Province of Bali.

The purpose of this study is to (1) analyze the joint effects of economic growth, investment, technology and minimum wage on employment opportunities in districts/cities in Bali; (2) Analysis of partial effects of economic growth, investment, technology and minimum wage on employment opportunities in districts/cities in Bali. (3) Analyze the order of impact of economic growth, investment, technology and minimum wage on employment opportunities in districts/cities of Bali. This study is an associative quantitative study using panel data of up to 72 observations. Data sources for this study are secondary data from the Bali Provincial Central Bureau of Statistics and primary data obtained from informants through in-depth interviews. The collected data were then analyzed using several linear regression analysis techniques. Based on the analysis results, it is shown that (1) economic growth, investment, technology and minimum wage simultaneously have a great impact on employment opportunities in provinces/cities in Bali. (2) Economic growth and minimum wages can have a significant positive impact on employment opportunities in provinces/cities of Bali Province. Investments and technology may not affect employment opportunities in districts and cities in Bali. (3) Minimum wage has the greatest impact, followed by economic growth, investment and technology

<abstract> <p>The success of East Asian countries in economic growth since the 1960s and the rapid development of China's economy in the past four decades have caused debates on whether these countries have found a new path of development and the role of government in economic growth. The present study investigates whether orthodox growth theories can explain East Asian growth by examining the impact of saving rates on economic growth in Asian countries. Using panel data analysis based on a dataset of 46 Asian countries and regions during the period 1969–2021, we find that gross domestic saving rate, GDP per capita, and urban population growth rate all significantly impact the annual GDP growth rates of Asian countries. The positive effect of the gross saving rate is very significant in the period 1960–1990 but insignificant in 1991–2021, while the positive impact of the urban population growth rate is more significant in the period 1991–2021 than in 1960–1990, and GDP per capita has a very significant negative effect during both 1960–1990 and 1991–2021. We further find that the saving rate has a very significant positive impact on economic growth in East and South Asian countries during 1960–2021. GDP per capita has a significant negative impact in East, South, Southeast, and West Asian countries; the urban population growth has a significant positive impact on GDP growth in East and West Asian countries during 1960–2021. The saving rate has a very significant positive impact on GDP growth in high-income countries, a significant positive impact in upper-middle-income countries, and an insignificant impact in lower-middle-income countries. Our present results show that a high saving rate is one of the critical factors for rapid economic growth in developing countries. Urban population growth and GDP per capita also have significant impacts on economic growth.</p> </abstract>

The objectives of this study are 1) to analyze the effect of education level, minimum wage, population, investment, economic growth on unemployment rate in Bali Province, 2) to analyze the effect of education level, minimum wage, population, investment, economic growth on poverty in Bali Province, 3) to analyze how the effect of unemployment rate mediates education level, minimum wage, population, investment, economic growth on poverty rate in Bali Province. To analyze how the effect of the unemployment rate mediates the level of education, minimum wage, population, investment, economic growth on the poverty rate in Bali Province. The analysis technique used in this research is descriptive analysis and path analysis. The data used is panel data consisting of a combination of time series data with cross section with 108 observations obtained through secondary data. The result of this research shows that 1) population, and economic growth have a significant negative effect on the unemployment rate in Bali Province, 2) education level, investment has a positive but insignificant effect on the unemployment rate in Bali Province. 3) minimum wage has a negative but insignificant effect on the unemployment rate in Bali Province. 4) education level has a significant negative effect on the poverty rate in Bali Province. 5) minimum wage, economic growth, and unemployment rate have a significant positive effect on the poverty rate 6) investment has a positive but insignificant effect on the poverty rate in Bali Province, 7) the unemployment rate is not an intervening variable or mediates the level of education, minimum wage, population, investment and economic growth. 8) population has a negative and insignificant effect on the poverty rate in Bali Province.

This research focuses on analyzing and knowing the effect of job opportunities and poverty on Regencies/Cities in West Sumatra. This research is descriptive and inductive. The data used in this study is secondary data with data collection using panel data obtained from BPS West Sumatra Province 2013-2019 period with 19 districts / cities in West Sumatra. This study analyzed using a simultaneous equation model (simultaneous equation regression model). The results of this study conclude that (1) Government investment has an insignificant and positive impact on employment opportunities, private investment has a significant and positive impact on opportunities, economic growth has no significant effect and has a negative impact on employment opportunities. (2) Private investment has an insignificant and positive impact on poverty, economic growth has a significant and positive impact on poverty, education has a significant and negative impact, while job opportunities have an insignificant and negative impact on poverty in Regencies/Cities in West Sumatra 2013-2019.

This study is about the impact of ownership structure on bank risk taking with comparison between conventional banks and Islamic banks of Pakistan. Z-Score and SDROA are used as risk taking variables. While managerial ownership, institutional ownership, foreign ownership and block holders were taken as proxies for ownership structure. Ten private commercial banks and four Islamic banks were randomly selected and data have been collected from annual reports of these banks from 2010 to 2016. The result suggested that all the proxies of ownership structure i.e. managerial ownership, institutional ownership, foreign ownership and block holders have significant positive impact on Z-Score. On the other hand using SDROA as proxy for risk taking the proxies of managerial ownership has significant positive impact on SDROA and institutional ownership has significant negative impact on SDROA of banks in Pakistan. On the other hand foreign ownership and block holders have insignificant impact on SDROA. The result of BankID is significant which shows that ownership structure has significant impact on bank risk taking in conventional banks while in Islamic banks ownership structure doesn’t have any significant impact on bank risk.

This paper studies the impact of internal and external factors on the profitability and financial strength of insurance groups across the European Union, focusing on the effect of the European sovereign debt crisis and the Solvency II Directive, which has not been addressed by the literature. The findings reveal that the efficiency of accounts receivable management and the state of the economy have a significant positive impact, whereas the underwriting risk and size have a significant negative impact on profitability and financial strength. Furthermore, long-term interest rates exert a significant positive influence, whereas the purchase of reinsurance, size of the domestic market, market structure, and inflation exert a significant negative influence on profitability. The European sovereign debt crisis has a significant negative impact on profitability and a positive but insignificant impact on financial strength. Solvency II has no statistically significant impact either on profitability or on financial strength. This paper contributes to the literature through the identification of the impact of the European sovereign debt crisis and Solvency II, which has not been depicted so far, as well as the impact of a series of internal and external factors on profitability and, for the first time, on financial strength.

Article history: Received March 2, 2012 Received in Revised Format April 1, 2013 Accepted April 2, 2013 Available online April 4 2013 This paper empirically investigates the impact of exchange rate volatility on the real exports in India using the ARDL bounds testing procedure proposed by Pesaran et al. (2001). Using annual time series data, the empirical analyses has been carried out for the period 1970 to 2011. The study results confirm that real exports are cointegrated with exchange rate volatility, real exchange rate, gross domestic product and foreign economic activity. Our findings indicate that the exchange rate volatility has significant negative impact on real exports both in the short-run and long-run, implying that higher exchange rate fluctuation tends to reduce real exports in India. Besides, the real exchange rate has negative short-run and positive long-run effects on real exports. The empirical results reveal that GDP has a positive and significant impact on India’s real exports in the long-run, but the impact turns out to be insignificant in the short-run. In addition, the foreign economic activity exerts significant negative and positive impact on real exports in the short-run and long-run, respectively. © 2013 Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Various efforts are made by the government to increase economic growth for the region itself and are expected to get positive results for job opportunities in the Regency / city of Bali Province. The purpose of the study is to analyze the level of education, investment and minimum wage on employment opportunities and economic growth in the Regency / City of Bali Province. The data collection method is carried out through data published by BPS Bali Province. The analysis technique used is path analysis. The selected panel data regression analysis techniques are fixed effect model and common effect model using Eviews software. The results of this study: 1) The level of education has a positive and insignificant effect on employment opportunities while investment and minimum wages have a positive and significant effect on employment opportunities. 2) The level of education and investment has a negative and insignificant effect on economic growth while the minimum wage has a negative but significant effect and employment opportunities have a positive and significant effect on economic growth. 3) The level of education, investment and minimum wage have an indirect effect on economic growth through employment opportunities in the Regency / City of Bali Province.

It is of great significance to explore the influencing factors of land flow to promote moderate-scale agricultural operation. However, few studies have explored the quantitative influences of land attachment and intergenerational difference on land transfer. Based on the survey data of 540 rural households in Sichuan Province, this study uses factor analysis method to divide land attachment into land satisfaction, land rootedness, and land dependence, and further empirically tests the impact mechanism of land attachment and intergenerational difference on land flow by using Probit model and Tobit model. The results are as follow: (1) land attachment is significantly correlated with land flow-out, but not with land flow-in. (2) Different dimensions of land attachment have different impacts on land flow-out. Among them, land rootedness and land dependence have significant negative impacts on farmers’ land flow-out behavior and land flow-out area, while land satisfaction has a significant positive impact on farmers’ land flow-out behavior and has no significant impact on the land flow-out area. (3) Different generations of land attachment have different impacts on land flow-out. Among them, the land attachment of the new-generation farmers has no significant impact on land flow-out. Among middle-aged farmers, land dependence had a significant negative impact on land flow-out behavior and area, and land rootedness had a significant negative impact on land flow-out behavior; however, land satisfaction had a significant positive impact on land flow-out behavior and area. Among the older generation of farmers, land dependence has a significant negative impact on land flow-out behavior and area, while land satisfaction and land rootedness have no significant impact on land flow-out behavior and area. Therefore, in promoting the practice of land flow, we should pay attention to the differences of farmers’ emotional demands, improve the supporting policies of land flow by classification, reduce farmers’ dependence on “land security”, solve farmers’ concerns on land flow, and promote the rational flow of land factors.

: This research focuses on analyzing and knowing the effect of jobopportunities and poverty on Regencies/Cities in West Sumatra. This research isdescriptive and inductive. The data used in this study is secondary data with datacollection using panel data obtained from BPS West Sumatra Province 2013-2019period with 19 districts / cities in West Sumatra. This study analyzed using asimultaneous equation model (simultaneous equation regression model). Theresults of this study conclude that (1) Government investment has an insignificantand positive impact on employment opportunities, private investment has asignificant and positive impact on opportunities, economic growth has nosignificant effect and has a negative impact on employment opportunities. (2)Private investment has an insignificant and positive impact on poverty, economicgrowth has a significant and positive impact on poverty, education has asignificant and negative impact, while job opportunities have an insignificant andnegative impact on poverty in Regencies/Cities in West Sumatra 2013-2019.Keywords : Government Investment, Private Investment, Economic Growth,Education, Job Opportunities, Poverty.

The rapid development of internet usage in the 21st century has led more consumers to use the internet in obtaining information about product features or specifications. Consumers are faced with a higher degree of uncertainty when making purchasing decisions on experience and credence goods compared to search goods among the three types in the SEC production classification framework. Therefore, this research aims to determine the effect of online customer reviews and the importance of retailer attributes on the purchase intentions of experience goods on Indonesian e-commerce marketplace platforms. The result showed that online video review has a significant positive impact on purchase intention but an insignificant impact on perceived risk. Furthermore, the importance of retailer attributes has a significant negative and positive impact on purchase intention and perceived risk, respectively.

Technological advances and deregulation have driven banks to capitalize their benefits into some diversification activities they choose in the financial industry. This paper investigates the relation between service activities and risk of Indonesian banking industry in the period of 2015-2017. This study employs Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with path analysis and multiple group analysis of 12 Islamic banks and 38 conventional banks. This study reveals that the Islamic banks appear to have more variable service activities and more stable risk than the conventional banks. For Islamic banks, non-financing income has a negative significant impact on bank risk; while commission income and trading income have a positive significant impact. Further, other non-financing income has a positive impact on bank risk. In the conventional banks, non-interest income has a positive impact on bank risk; while commission income has a negative impact. In addition, trading income also has a negative impact, and other non-interest income has a positive impact. These results imply that the Islamic banks emphasize the importance of expanding new service activities to reduce the risk. In conventional banks, diversified activities contribute to higher income volatility and debt level. Thus, they need to reduce the high cost of depositors which include savings, demand deposits, time deposits, and also interest costs of long-term debt as the sources of fund.

Based on panel data from 2002 to 2017 in China, this paper analyses the influence of internal migration on regional innovation. The results show that internal migration not only has a significant promoting effect on improving regional innovation, but also presents a significant spatial agglomeration phenomenon. That is, internal migration has a significant positive impact on regional innovation according to the regression without spatial effects. And although internal migration will promote input of regional innovation, it will also have a negative impact on output of regional innovation. Meanwhile, internal migration will have a significant negative impact on innovation input in adjacent areas, and a significant positive impact on innovation output. Through decomposition, from the input of innovation, the migrant population will have a significant impact on local innovation, but it will also inhibit the innovation input of adjacent regions through indirect effects. Although the migrant population will have a significant negative impact on output of innovation, it will also promote innovation output significantly in adjacent regions through indirect effects, and have a positive impact on the improvement of overall innovation.

The crux of this research is to critically evaluate the potential mutual fund performance drivers. This research will benefit the stakeholders in terms of smart investment decisions. The study is based on convenient sampling method covering 16 out of 19 asset management companies (AMCs) that comprise 114 outstanding funds in the Mutual Fund Association of Pakistan (MUFAP). The data were collected quarterly from March 2013 to March 2018. The findings reveal that the asset under management, fund risk, KSE-100 returns, total income, total expense, age of the fund and lagged returns have a significant positive impact. Management quality rating has an insignificant positive impact on returns. In contrast, risk-free instruments have a significant negative impact on fund returns (FRs). A multiple regression model was used to extract results, and the results further suggested that the roles of fund risk and market return have a significant impact on FRs. Furthermore, we could not avail data for more than 5 years due to unavailability on independent platforms like MUFAP and the official websites of the respective AMCs, which is the central gap of this research. Moreover, it is highly suggested to use different statistical tools to make more meaningful results in future research.
 
 Keywords: Asset under management, fund returns, fund risk, KSE-100 return, mutual funds.