Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present the results of a measurement campaign focused on the evaluation of penetration loss into buildings in an urban area as a function of the elevation angle. An empirical model to predict penetration loss into buildings is developed based on measured data obtained using a remote-controlled airship. The impact on penetration loss of different buildings and user positions within the buildings is presented. The measured data are evaluated as a function of the elevation angle. The measurement campaign was carried out at 2.0 GHz and 3.5 GHz carrier frequencies, representing the frequency band for high altitude platform third-generation mobile systems and, potentially, next generation mobile systems, mobile WiMAX, for example, the new penetration loss model can be used for system performance simulations and coverage planning.
Highlights
Urban areas are covered by a variety of mobile wireless systems
Prospective mobile systems for high altitude platforms (HAPs) seem to be the third-generation universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) operating in a frequency band of about 2.0 GHz, which is allocated to HAPs [4], and the emerging mobile WiMAX systems [5] operating in the frequency band between 2–6 GHz
The campaign was motivated by a lack of penetration models for HAP systems with the exception of an empirical model for building penetration loss at 2.0 GHz for high elevation angles [6]
Summary
Urban areas are covered by a variety of mobile wireless systems One disadvantage of these systems is that they are vulnerable to disasters—either natural or manmade disasters such as terrorist attacks. HAP stations located in the stratosphere offer noticeably lower free space loss than satellites. Another benefit when compared to satellites is the HAP position maintenance, with deviation of only 0.5 km [3]. Based on these facts, it is obvious that HAPs can be successfully used for urban outdoor coverage, but there is a question of whether HAP can provide mobile or wireless services in general inside the buildings. Prospective mobile systems for HAPs seem to be the third-generation universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) operating in a frequency band of about 2.0 GHz, which is allocated to HAPs [4], and the emerging mobile WiMAX systems [5] operating in the frequency band between 2–6 GHz
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